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Journal of Consumer Policy | 1979

Verbraucherpolitik als gewerkschaftliche Aufgabe

Klaus Tonner

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag stellt in seinem ersten Teil die verbraucherpolitische Position und die Überlegungen zur Organisation von Verbraucherinteressen seitens des Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes vor. Im zweiten Teil werden grundsätzliche Erwägungen darüber angestellt, ob Gewerkschaften legitimiert sind, sich als Verbraucherorganisationen zu verstehen. Dabei wird von der Programmatik und der spezifischen Situation der deutschen Gewerkschaften weitgehend abstrahiert und von Gewerkschaften in einem allgemeinen Sinn gesprochen. Gewerkschaftliche Verbraucherpolitik wird für legitimierbar gehalten; die Gewerkschaften werden ermuntert, sie zu verstärken.AbstractTrade unions and consumer policy. In the first part of his essay, the author discusses the position of the DGB (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund), the largest and most important of the West German trade unions, in the field of consumer policy. Consumer policy has been part of the statute of the DGB since 1971. Trade unions in West Germany regard themselves as consumer organisations because their members are consumers as well as employees, and consumer policy is understood to be part of the general economic policy of the unions.In 1975, the congress of the DGB accepted a programme of consumer policy. The programme demands that consumers rank equal with producers in the market. This goal should be reached by price competition (as a dominant factor of competition), by transparency (Markttransparenz) of prices and quality, and by the appointment of an ombudsman as a legal caretaker of consumer interests.The DGB rejects new consumer organisations, because in its view the trade unions constitute a well organised consumer institution. There is some cooperation, however, with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Verbraucher, the chief German organisation for consumer affairs.The author disagrees with legal writers who deny trade unions a right of claim against unfair competition and against unfair standard contract clauses, according to para. 13 of the German Unfair Competition Act.In the second part of his essay, the author analyses the legitimation of trade union consumer policy. The discussion concerns the question of whether or not employees are the only consumers who are in need of protection, and if there is a conflict between their interests as employees and as consumers. The author suggests that legal consumer protection should shield only individual persons as buyers (not small firms, for example). Furthermore, consumer interests should be defined from the perspective of the consumer who is anemployee. A consumer who is at the same time an employer, does not need protection because he can compensate for the disadvantages sustained in his consumer role by exploiting his position as an employer. Conversely, the employee-consumer has the weaker position in both of his roles.Another important question is whether or not there is a conflict between a high standard of consumer protection and a high level of wages. The author cites some economists who suggest that this conflict may be resolved, and that the real conflict is not between consumers and employees, but between those two on the one side and business on the other.The author draws the conclusion that there exists a theoretical legitimation for trade unions to represent the consumer interest. There is a wide gap, however, between the programmes of the trade unions and their policy as evidenced by their everyday activities. The hope is expressed that this gap will become narrower.


Archive | 2014

From the Kennedy Message to Full Harmonising Consumer Law Directives: A Retrospect

Klaus Tonner

This contribution looks to the past of consumer law. There are two reasons for doing so: the personal one is that this author accompanied Hans Micklitz during the first years of his career in Hamburg, Bremen and Berlin, when we established in 1986, together with Udo Reifner, the law journal Verbraucher und Recht, and the academic one is that an answer to the question in which direction a development might go is easier to be found when you know where it comes from.


Journal of Consumer Policy | 1994

The European Influence on German Consumer Law

Klaus Tonner

At the outset, the article compares the EC directives in the field of consumer protection and the corresponding German transposition acts which are the core of German consumer law. This is followed by a discussion on the Act against Unfair Competition (UWG) and the Standard Contract Terms Act (AGBG). Although these were not designed as consumer protection acts, they are of great importance for consumer protection, as both include the right for consumer organizations to take action.The legislator does not transpose EC directives to sections of the Civil Code (BGB), not even if there are relevant provisions in the BGB, nor does he incorporate relevant case law into transposition acts. Case law plays a very important role in consumer protection. This makes German consumer law very confusing. In a given case not only is the transposition act applicable, but also the relevant judge-made law which is based on the BGB and its general clauses and may have a different scope of application.For many years, the German legislator has not passed any bills to protect consumers apart from the transpositions of EC directives. So good news for consumers in legal matters stem only from the EC and from the courts.ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag geht von einer Gegenüberstellung der einschlägigen EG-Richtlinien und ihrer Umsetzung in deutsches Recht aus. Sie sind das Kernstück des deutschen Verbraucherrechts. Für den rechtlichen Verbraucherschutz sind darüber hinaus zwei Gesetze von gro\er Bedeutung, die nicht als spezifische Verbraucherschutzgesetze konzipiert sind, das UWG und das AGBG, die beide eine Verbandsklagebefugnis enthalten, die auch für Verbraucherverbände gilt.Der Gesetzgeber übernimmt Richtlinien regelmä\ig nicht ins BGB, auch wenn einschlägige Materien dort enthalten sind, und inkorporiert auch nicht von der Rechtsprechung entwickelte Regeln in die Umsetzungsgesetze. Dadurch wird das Verbraucherrecht unübersichtlich, weil neben den Umsetzungsgesetzen jeweils auch die Rechtsprechung zu beachten ist, die auf den Vorschriften des BGB und seinen Generalklauseln beruht und z.T. einen abweichenden Anwendungsbereich hat.Der deutsche Gesetzgeber verzichtet seit vielen Jahren auf eigene Anstö\e zum rechtlichen Verbraucherschutz und überlä\t dies der EG sowie den Gerichten.


Archive | 1986

Einleitung: Wirtschaftsregulierung in der Krise

Holger Paetow; Klaus Tonner

Die langanhaltende, alle westlichen Industriestaaten etwa gleichermasen betreffende Wirtschaftskrise seit der Mitte der 70er Jahre und die offenkundige Unfahigkeit der Wirtschaftspolitik, die Wirtschaftsentwicklung nachhaltig zu beleben oder gar auf — demokratisch legitimierte — Ziele hin zu gestalten, hat die aktuelle Runde des Zweifels an der Machbarkeit von Wirtschaftspolitik eingelautet und diesen Zweifel empirisch eindrucksvoll genahrt. Dabei geht der Streit nicht nur vordergrundig um die Auswahl geeigneter Rezepte fur wirtschaftspolitische Therapie, sondern — tiefer — es geht um die Frage, ob der interventionistische Staat uberhaupt der geeignete Arzt ist — mit anderen Worten: Die Debatte, ob der Markt oder der Staat der okonomische Souveran zu sein hat, ist ein weiteres Mal in Gang gekommen.


Journal of Consumer Policy | 2000

Consumer Protection and Environmental Protection: Contradictions and Suggested Steps Towards Integration

Klaus Tonner


Archive | 2014

European Consumer Law

Norbert Reich; Hans-W. Micklitz; Peter Rott; Klaus Tonner


Archive | 1986

Staatliche Wirtschaftsregulierung in der Krise

Peter Beutler; Fritz Fiehler; Dieter Hart; Jan Priewe; Bernd Ziegler; Holger Paetow; Klaus Tonner; Rudolf Hickel; Harald Mattfeldt; Paul Chamsol; Ottwald Demele; Wolfgang Schoeller; Jürgen Gotthold; Udo Mayer; Hans-W. Micklitz; Klau Tonner; Rainer Volkmann


Zeitschrift für Europäisches Unternehmens- und Verbraucherrecht | 2012

Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights: a new approach to European consumer law?

Klaus Tonner; Kathleen Fangerow


Archive | 2003

Air Passenger Contract: IATA Recommendation 1724 and Standard Terms Control by National Regulations

Klaus Tonner; Astrid Hauptstock


Archive | 1997

Law and Diffuse Interests in the European Legal Order Liber Amicorum Norbert Reich

Norbert Reich; Ludwig Krèamer; Hans-W. Micklitz; Klaus Tonner

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Hans-W. Micklitz

European University Institute

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