Lars Løvlie

Introduction: Bildung and the idea of a liberal education

In 1962 Theodor Adorno published the article ‘The Theory of HalfEducation’. There he abandoned the hope that education for humanity—he used the term Bildung—could retain its normative power in our time. When educative experiences are products of the culture industry, when humanity has become a cheap political phrase, and when freedom is turned into an advertisement for Coca-Cola, then we live in the age of Halbbildung or half-culture. Adorno lambastes his own age for a cheap consumerism given over to the half-experienced and half-digested. This is bad enough as a contemporary diagnosis. Even worse is the fact that the prime source of German culture, the magnificent heritage of Weimar classicism in literature and philosophy, has dried up as well. Adorno maintains that this heritage has from its beginnings been coagulating into the half-cultured posturing of the German bourgeoisie—a Bürgertum rapidly deteriorating into a petty bourgeoisie, a Kleinbürgertum. This bourgeoisie has pursued selfassurance without a self and aesthetic style without taste, entrapped in cultural arrogance and dull conformism. ‘In the ideal ofBildung’, Adorno writes, ‘which sets culture on a pedestal, the dubious nature of culture shows through’ (Adorno, 1962, p. 93). Even as he appreciates Friedrich Schiller’s original vision of Bildung, he rejects the core content of German neo-humanism—that is, the ideal of the self-education of a bourgeoisie that saw its own inherent values as the true fount of wisdom and power. Adorno wrote in the transition from industrial society to the information society. His critique implicitly refers to the specific German history of a misfired revolution in 1848, the failure of democracy and the withdrawal of the educated classes from public and political responsibility between the world wars. In a collection of essays, The Transparency of Evil, Jean Baudrillard paints a garish picture of the information society we live in. Now narcissists and buffoons present half-culture in distorted mirror images that turn every pretension towards the education of character into a mere sham. In Baudrillard’s postmodern universe the cultivated self is not lost. It is rather recycled in the infinite reproduction of surfaces— the self as simulacrum. ‘We live’, Baudrillard writes in 1993, ‘amid the interminable reproduction of ideals, phantasies, images Journal of Philosophy of Education, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2002

Analysis of electron traps at the 4H–SiC/SiO2 interface; influence by nitrogen implantation prior to wet oxidation

Electron states at the SiO2/4H–SiC interface have been investigated using capacitor structures and especially, the influence of excess nitrogen, introduced by ion implantation, at the interface is studied in detail. Implanted and nonimplanted n-type samples with an interfacial concentration of nitrogen of ∼1019 cm−3 and 1016 cm−3, respectively, were analyzed by capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements, performed at different temperatures and probe frequencies, and thermal dielectric relaxation current (TDRC) measurements performed in the temperature range of 35–295 K. Three main categories of electron states are disclosed, true interface states (Dit), fast near interface states (NIToxfast) and slow near interface states (NIToxslow). The density versus energy distributions of Dit and NIToxfast have been deduced from the TDRC data and they are shown to give a close quantitative agreement with the shape and frequency dependence of the C-V curves. Further, the amount of NIToxslow extracted from TDRC is demonstr...

The Uses of Example in Moral Education

This article raises the problem of how to bridge the gap between moral thinking and moral life. As mediating terms between the two realms it picks out rules, skills and examples. After an introductory critique of rationalism and contextualism in ethics, the article makes a case for the uses of example in moral education in a wide sense, suggesting a poetics of ethics.

Non-Nitridated Oxides: Abnormal Behaviour of N-4H-SiC/SiO2 Capacitors at Low Temperature Caused by near Interface States

Comparative studies of gate oxides on a N+ pre-implanted area (Ninterface ~1x1019cm-3) and on a virgin Si face 4H-SiC material (Ninterface ~1x1016cm-3) have been undertaken by means of Capacitance-Voltage (C-V) characteristics, performed at different temperatures and frequencies, and Thermal Dielectric Relaxation Current technique. In the non implanted samples, the stretch out of the C-V curves get larger as the temperature is lowered to 150K, while for lower temperatures the C-V characteristics become steeper and some discontinuities occur. These discontinuities are specific for the non-implanted sample and are associated with charging of the fast near interface states (NIToxfast) via a tunneling from the shallow interface states (Dit). The tunneling from the shallow Dit to NIToxfast supress the a.c. response of Dit, which is recovered only after most of the NIToxfast are charged with electrons.

Is there Any Body in Cyberspace? Or the Idea of a Cyberbildung

In this essay I argue against the suggestion that cyberspace is afloat with “disembodied subjectivities”, and for the idea that we humans configure the Internet according to our bodily existence. The situatedness, orientedness and rhythm of our perceptions and actions carry over from the real to the virtual world, making them one experiential world. We do not, then, leave the body behind when we enter cyberspace. This topological perspective may not only explain why we find the Windows interface pleasant and easy to use. It also illuminates how bodily experience orders the world in terms of the basic directions front–back, right–left, up–down and over–under, and how it structures practical everyday life. Classical Bildung nurtured the expressivist idea of an independent mind in its free selfcreation. Topology, on the other hand, wants us to think in terms of body-minds, and suggests that even a Cyberbildung begins as an education of the flesh.

Forty Years of the Philosophy of Education in the Nordic Countries

Abstract The authors of this sections article are of the opinion that the ‘pure’ philosophers in Scandinavia do not usually consider philosophy of education to be a philosophical discipline in line with other ‘hyphenated’ philosophies. They argue that the way that philosophy of education is viewed in the Nordic countries is more like how it is treated in English‐speaking countries, which is different from the German tradition where Bildung is historically both an educational and a philosophical concept. But Nordic contributors to philosophy of education, inspired by the main philosophical trends of the time, have perceived themselves in the last few decades as partakers in the general philosophical conversation from within a philosophical discipline defined by the basic questions of education as a cultural, political and individual practice. The article in this section presents a description of the development of educational philosophy in the five Nordic countries during the past four decades.

A Laterally Resolved DLTS Study of Intrinsic Defect Diffusion in 4H-SiC after Low Energy Focused Proton Beam Irradiation

4H-SiC has been irradiated with 10 keV protons and a laterally resolved DLTS study performed to study the diffusion of irradiation induced intrinsic point defects. It is found that the defects migrate on the order of hundreds of μm laterally and carbon interstitials (CI) are believed to be involved in the defect formation. However, the vertical diffusion lengths are revealed to be several orders of magnitude shorter, on the order of hundreds of nm. Specifically, the Z1,2, S1,2 and EH6,7 levels are found to be generated significant distances from the irradiated area, suggesting that CI or another highly mobile species are involved in the formation of these defects.

Fremtidens skole. Leder

(Published: 20 December, 2016) Citation: M. Oksnes et al. ‘‘Leder til temanummer Fremtidens skole.’’ Nordisk tidsskrift for pedagogikk og kritikk, Vol. 2, 2016, pp. 1-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17585/ntpk.v2.631

The Freedom of Paradox

I still remember the joy of reading my first book. It was as if the words and the sentences promised a world of endless surprises – and that I had unlocked the door to freedom. The next book I fondly remember was – of all things – a dictionary of foreign terms.

Long range lateral migration of intrinsic point defects in n-type 4H-SiC

The lateral distributions of intrinsic point defects in n-type (0001) 4H-SiC have been investigated following room temperature irradiation with a focused beam of 10 keV protons. Laterally resolved deep level transient spectroscopy measurements reveal that the well-known and prominent Z1/2 and S1/2 centers display lateral diffusion lenghts on the order of 1 mm with negligible (if any) motion parallel to the direction of the c-axis. The migration occurs only in the presence of excess charge carriers generated during the proton irradiation, and no further motion takes place even under subsequent optical excitation of high intensity. Assuming one-dimensional geometry, an effective defect diffusivity in excess of 10−6 cm2/s is deduced by numerical modelling of the experimental data, corresponding to an energy barrier for migration of ∼0.2 eV. Possible mechanisms for the rapid migration, invoking charge carrier recombination as a necessary condition, are discussed, and especially, an association with the glide ...