Lilian Emy dos Santos Michima

Estudo eletrocardiográfico de equinos de salto sadios

The electrocardiographic study was made in 100 healthy showjumping horses, with ages between 4 and 19 year-old, being 61 males and 39 females, with mean bodyweight of 516.3 kg. A mean heart rate of 40.20 ± 13.33 bpm was observed, and the most common cardiac rhythm was sinus rhythm (56%). Alterations in cardiac rhythm were observed in 38% of the animals, as wandering pacemaker (22%), second degree atrioventricular block (4%), first degree atrioventricular block (3%), ventricular premature contraction (2%), atrial premature contraction (1%). There was no relationship between the variables (heart rate, rhythm and arrhythmias) and the athletic performance, age and sex. The heart score data obtained after statistical analysis were not different concerning the athletic performance, age or sex. Therefore, heart score, in this sample, did not appear to be a confident parameter to predict the athletic future or the training level of the individual horse.

Avaliação de alguns parâmetros ecocardiográficos do gato-do-mato (Leopardus tigrinus), mantido em cativeiro e submetido à anestesia com xilazina e quetamina

Some echocardiographic parameters in B, M-mode and Doppler of 27 Oncillas, Leopardus tigrinus, a wild little feline, kept in captivity and submitted to anesthesia with 1 to 2mg/kg of xilazine and 10mg/kg of ketamine, had been evaluated. Changes of the cardiovascular parameters were observed when the results were compared to non anesthetized domestic cat (Felis catus).

Evaluation of tracheal wash of horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage treated with furosemide

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), which is characterized by pulmonary hypertension, intra-alveolar hemorrhage and presence of blood in the airways, is one of the major causes of reduced athletic performance in horses. It occurs primarily in Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses bred in the United States and Canada (Birks et al., 2003). The cytology of tracheal wash (TW) or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of those animals may reveal erythrophagocytosis, erythrocytes and hemosiderophages, which are macrophages containing degradation products of hemoglobin. Hemosiderophages are commonly found in racehorses and in those used for extenuated exercises and indicate pulmonary hemorrhage or previous presence of blood in the airways. The presence of hemosiderophages in the TW has been used for detection of EIPH (Erickson et al., 2000), but it could not be established when bleeding happened (Erickson and Poole, 2002). Ithen most athletic horses, furosemide is the principal drug given for prevention of EIPH (Birks et al., 2003). It increases urine production,

Solução concentrada de albumina eqüina na fluidoterapia em eqüinos com desidratação leve a moderada

The effect of the equine concentrated albumin solution diluted to 5% in physiologic saline solution (PSS) during fluid therapy in horses after induced slight to moderate dehydration was evaluated in five adult horses with no clinical alterations. Each animal was submitted to two fluid therapy protocols; with only PSS (half of the total volume under pressure and half in continuous flow - control-group), or with equine albumin solution and PSS (only in continuous flow - treated-group). Body weight; general physical examination, packed cell volume (PCV); plasmatic osmometry; gasometry, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinin, Na, and K, cardiac output; and arterial pressure; and calculation of the oncotic pressure and plasmatic volume were evaluated. After the administration of the first half of PSS under pressure in control group, it was observed that alterations in PCV, total protein, albumin, arterial pressure, and oncotic pressure were similar to those found in experimental group after the administration of the albumin solution. It was concluded that the equine albumin solution is easily prepared and administered, with no deleterial effects in the employed dose and speed, and it is suitable for use as a colloid in fluid therapy in equine species.

Modelo de indução de diarréia osmótica em bezerros holandeses

Com o objetivo de avaliar um protocolo de diarreia osmotica induzida, foram utilizados 18 bezerros higidos, com idade entre oito e 30 dias de vida, e peso variando de 37 a 50kg. A diarreia e a desidratacao foram induzidas por meio da administracao de leite integral (16,5mL kg-1), sacarose (4g kg-1), espirolactona e hidroclorotiazida (2mg kg-1), a cada oito horas, durante dois dias. O exame fisico e as coletas de sangue para determinacoes de componentes do hemograma, hemogasometria e de constituintes bioquimicos foram realizados em T0 (0h), T1 (24hi) e T2 (48hi). O protocolo de inducao da diarreia obteve 100% de eficiencia, produzindo diarreia aquosa e desidratacao intensa (13% do peso corporeo) acompanhadas de azotemia pre-renal, aumento nos valores do hematocrito, hemoglobina e proteina total, hipercalemia, hiperlactemia, hiperfosfatemia, acidose metabolica e diminuicao do defict de volume plasmatico e da pressao venosa central.

Avaliação ecocardiográfica do desenvolvimento cardíaco de cavalos atletas: comparação entre atividades físicas distintas

The aerobic capacity of equine athletes may be explained, in part, by its cardiac development associated with physical training. Echocardiographic examination of equine athletes allows the visualization of these changes and cardiac function of these animals. We aimed to evaluate echocardiographically horses of different sports to see if the type of physical activity performed by each group of animals promotes structural or functional cardiac differences. 196 horses underwent echocardiography at rest were divided into three groups: Polo group, 44 horses participating in tests of Polo; QM group, 49 horses of Quarter Horse, participants of barrel and pole bending events and PSI group, 103 horses of the breed Thoroughbred racehorses. We evaluated the following heart rates: IVS, LVD and LVFW in systole and diastole, LA in systole, Ao in diastole, mean LA: Ao, EF, EV, LVFSV, LVFDV, FS%, E-S, LVET, CO and HR. The PSI group animals showed higher left ventricular volumes and provided proportionately less efficiency when we analyzed EV. Animals in group Polo and QM showed higher values when variables such as cardiac function. The more intense physical activity performed by the animals of group QM and Polo provided better functional development of the heart of these animals, and the PSI group, presented figures suggesting that aerobic capacity can still be better exploited through better targeting of their physical training.

Avaliação ecocardiográfica em bezerros da raça Holandesa

With the purpose of establishing echocardiographic measurements in Holstein calves, 25 calves, 8 to 28 days of age and body weight ranging from 27 to 57 kg, were used. The echocardiographic examination was proceeded in B and M-modes to obtain the following parameters, in diastole and systole: right ventricle (2.05±0.13cm and 1.59±0.13cm) and left ventricle internal diameter (3.91±0.09cm and 2.52±0.13cm), and interventricular septum (1.24±0.04cm and 1.62±0.06cm) and left ventricle free wall thickness (0.92±0.04cm and 1.50±0.05cm). The values for both left and right atria in systole were 2.97±0.12cm and 4.110.21cm, respectively. The left diastolic (67.90±3.65ml), systolic (25.32±3.05ml) and ejection (42.58±2.46ml) volumes, cardiac output (3857±339ml/min), aortic root diameter (2.52±0.05cm), E-point septal separation (0.65±0.08cm), left ventricle ejection time (0.39±0.02s), fractional shortening (36.27±2.40%) and ejection fraction (64.67±3.22%) were also calculated. There was a mean positive linear correlation (66.4%, P<0.01) between the aortic root diameter and the bodyweight, mean negative linear correlation (P<0.01) heart rate (69.1%) and cardiac output (62.4%). There was a tendency of the calves in between the left ventricle ejection time and presenting a smaller left chamber diameter, although maintained the relationship between myocardial wall thickness and functional indexes.

Pressão venosa central em bezerros neonatos hígidos

With the aim of determining the central venous pressure (CVP) standard values, twenty-four healthy Holstein calves, aging 8-to-30 days and weighing from 37 to 50kg, were studied. To measure CVP, a specific intravenous catheter was inserted in the right atrium through the left jugular vein. The right atrium was the reference mark (zero) for the measurements, topographically in external correspondence to the scapulohumeral joint, when the animal was standing; and to the sternum region, when the animal was in right lateral recumbency. It was measured a mean CVP, in centimetres of H2O - 0.81±1.40 for animals in standing position, and 0.88±1.76 for animals in lateral recumbency - with no statistical difference between those values. The technique used for measuring CVP in calves was determined to be feasible and do not require sophisticated devices.

Índices e dimensões ecocardiográficas de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador

Aiming to establish the echocardiographic reference values of cardiac dimensions and indexes in horses of the Mangalarga Marchador breed, 80 horses, weighing 320 to 500 kg, that were divided in four group by gender and age, as follows: 1.6 to 4-year-old females (G1), more than 4-year-old females (G2), 1.6 to 4-year-old males (G3) and above 4-year-old males (G4), were evaluated by standardized technique. The evaluation consisted of B-mode and guided M-mode echocardiography, by which the following measurements were made: from the right cardiac window, by B- and M-mode: systolic and diastolic RVID, IVS, LVID, LVFW, Aod, FS% and EF%, by B-mode: Las, Aod, and Las/Aod, by M-mode: S-E point, from left cardiac window, by B- and M-mode: LVIDs, LVIDd, FS% and EF% and by B-mode: Las. There were statistic differences between means of the four groups for the following parameters: Aod, Las, RVIDs, RVIDd, IVSs, IVSd, LVIDs, LVIDd, LVFWs, LVFWd, Vs, Vd. There were statistic correlations between Aod, Las, IVSs, IVSd, LVFWs, LVFWd, Vd and age; Aod, Las, IVs, IVSd, LVIDd, LVFWs, Las/Aod and bodyweight and thoracic perimeter; and Aod, LAs, IVSs, IVSd, LVIDs, LVFWs, Vd and height. Sex and age group influenced the reference values for the Mangalarga Marchador horses; males above 4 years presented higher ventricular measurement values. Height, weight and age of the horses influenced in the same way the results, all being positively related to the size of the cardiac structure.

Níveis séricos e hepáticos de cobre, zinco, ferro e molibdênio em ovinos e caprinos criados no semiárido da Bahia

The aim of this research was to know the copper, zinc, iron and molybdenum content in serum and liver of small ruminants raised in the cities of Casa Nova and Juazeiro, state of Bahia, and verify the occurrence of primary or secondary copper deficiency. A total of 160 samples of sheep and goats of both sexes collected in the dry and rainy season were evaluated. The values for serum copper in goats was 13.8±0.3±mol/L and in sheep it was 12.2±0.4 ±mol/L, while the mean liver concentration was 220 ppm for goats and 238 ppm for sheep. The serum zinc value for goats was 28.3±1.0±mol/L and for sheep it was 28.7±0.8±mol/L, while the mean liver concentration was 99 ppm for goats and 92 ppm for sheep. Serum iron value for goats was 61±3±mol/L and for sheep it was 64±2±mol/L, while liver levels were 172 ppm for goats and 221 ppm for sheep. Copper mean values do not indicate the occurrence of copper deficiency in small ruminants raised in the cities studied. Zinc levels were within the normal values and do not require extra supplementation of this mineral. The serum iron levels were elevated, however it did not interfere in copper metabolism in order to result in a cupric deficiency.