Luis Eduardo Akiyoshi Sanches Suzuki

Grau de compactação, propriedades físicas e rendimento de culturas em Latossolo e Argissolo

The objective of this work was to evaluate soil physical parameters and soybean (Glycine max) and black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) yields as affected by the degree of compactness of an Oxisol and Alfisol. For the two soils, soil macroporosity, soil penetration resistance (PR), degree of compaction (DC), height and yield of the crops were determined, while for Alfisol saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kqs) was also evaluated. As the DC increases, there is a linear reduction in macroporosity and in Kqs and an increase in PR. Values of DC corresponding to the critical values of macroporosity and PR depend on soil. In the Oxisol, critical values of macroporosity and PR are reached with a smaller DC than in the Alfisol. An intermediate DC in the Oxisol is favorable to the soybean, and the optimum DC for soybean is 86%. To define an optimum DC for soybean and black bean in the Alfisol was not possible due to high levels of soil compaction in this soil.

Estimativa da susceptibilidade à compactação e do suporte de carga do solo com base em propriedades físicas de solos do Rio Grande do Sul

Quantifying the relationship between physical and mechanical soil properties can contribute to the development of pedotransfer functions that allow estimating hard-to-measure soil properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interrelations between susceptibility to compaction and load support with some physical properties of soils from Southern Brazil. Penetration resistance, moisture, bulk density and compressibility of six soils were evaluated. In a model including soil moisture and bulk density as independent variables, the relation with penetration resistance values obtained in the field was high. Soils with higher initial bulk density were less susceptible to compaction and exhibited less deformation under external loads. With increasing soil penetration resistance, less deformation and greater load support were observed, which does not necessarily indicate a satisfactory soil physical quality for crop cultivation. The greater the soil deformation, the higher is the susceptibility to compaction and the lower is its load support. The compaction susceptibility and load support of a soil can be estimated, respectively, by its initial bulk density and resistance to penetration.

Produtividade de culturas e resistência à penetração de Argissolo Vermelho sob diferentes manejos

The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship among soybean and bean plant parameters and soil resistance to penetration of an Alfisol under no-tillage and conventional systems. In an experiment deployed under no-tillage in 1989, different wheel tracks of a 10-Mg machine were applied and different soil management systems were used in completely randomized design. Emergence speed index, foliar area index, height and yield of soybean and bean crops and soil resistance to penetration were quantified. The influence of soil resistance to penetration in foliar area index, height and productivity of beans is of 46, 51 and 59% respectively, whereas 55% of the height variation in soybean is explained by soil resistance to penetration. The critical value of soil resistance to penetration indicated for bean and soybean growth and yield is of approximately 1.7 and 1.9 MPa respectively.

Densidade crítica ao crescimento de plantas considerando água disponível e resistência à penetração de um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico

Crop establishment is linked to restrictive conditions imposed by soil type and soil management. This study aimed at evaluating the interval of bulk density critical for a Paleudalf, considering water availability to the crops and restrictive values to the root resistance to penetration (1.5; 2.0; 2.5; 3.0 e 3.5MPa). Soil samples, from a Paleudalf under no-tillage since 1989, with preserved structure were collected in the layers of 0.00 to 0.10m and 0.10 to 0.20m depth. The samples (eight replicates) were saturated in water and balanced different potentials (- 0.001; -0.004; -0.006; -0.033; -0.07 and -0.1MPa), plus 2 groups of soil samples were dried in the laboratory for a period of 7 and 9 days, being a total of 128 samples used in this study. After reaching the balance, the soil resistance to penetration and bulk density were evaluated. An increase in the resistance to penetration allows for large intervals of bulk density no restrictive to the plant development. For instance, when considered a resistance to penetration of 2MPa, the adequate interval of bulk density was 1.44Mg m-3 to 1.76Mg m-3, and for a resistance to penetration of 3MPa the interval was 1.53 to 1.88Mg m-3. Bulk density smaller or larger than interval obtained are critical to the development of plants, considering soil resistance to penetration and water availability.

Degree of compactness, soil physical properties and yield of soybean in six soils under no-tillage

The ‘degree of compactness’ is a useful parameter to study soil compaction and represents the current bulk density in relation to the bulk density of the same soil in a reference state. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine the best compression stress to establish the reference bulk density in the uniaxial compression test using undisturbed samples; (ii) quantify the effect of texture on degree of compactness, and (iii) evaluate the influence of degree of compactness on selected soil physical properties and crop yield. Six soils under no-tillage from southern Brazil were used and the reference bulk density was evaluated on soil samples equilibrated to the matric suction of 33 kPa and subjected to uniaxial compression test. Soil macroporosity, mechanical penetration resistance, root growth, and yield of soybean were also evaluated. For undisturbed soil samples, stresses ≥800 kPa (particularly the stress of 1600 kPa) are appropriate to determine the reference bulk density. Degree of compactness is independent of clay content and is associated with changes in soil physical properties. A degree of compactness ~100% restricted root growth of soybean, whereas the highest soybean yield was obtained with a DC of 82% for Alfisols and Ultisol, and 85% for Oxisols.

Qualidade físico-hídrica e rendimento de soja (Glycine max L.) e feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) de um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico sob diferentes sistemas de manejo

The physical-hidric quality has been affected by the compaction process that soils are being undergone in different agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical-hydric quality of a Rhodic Paleudalf undergone to different tillages. One experiment with soybean and two with black bean were installed using a completely randomized experimental design. Seven compaction levels were tested in the agricultural year of 2004/2005: NT= no tillage since 1989; NTPLOW1 = no tillage that received a chisel plough in december of 2004; NTPLOW2 = no tillage that received a chisel plough in december of 2002 and february of 2004; NTCOMP1 = no tillage with four passes of a buck loader of 10Mg in december of the 2001/2002; NTCOMP2 = no tillage with four passes of a buck loader of 10Mg in december of 2002/2003; NTCOMP3 = no tillage with four passes of a buck loader of 10Mg in december of the agricultural year 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 and CT = conventional tillage. The largest changes in the physical-hidric quality were observed in the conventional and no tillage that received additional compaction in two agricultural years (NTCOMP3). No tillage (NT) presented the best physical-hidric conditions of soil and stayed longer within the volumetric moisture range considered ideal for crop development. The hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil did not differ among the treatments. Soybean yield was not affected by the treatments, whereas the chisel plough (NTPLOW1) was favorable to the black bean yield.

Compressibilidade de um Argissolo sob plantio direto escarificado e compactado

Soil compressibility depends on the type, intensity and frequency of the load applied by agricultural machinery and on soil management. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of traffic of agricultural machines on the compressibility of a Paleudalf chisel plough and compacted under no-tillage. In an area under no tillage since 1989, the following treatments were used for sampling: PD = no tillage since 1989; PDE1 = no tillage plus chisel plough in december the year 2002 and february 2004; PDE2 = no tillage plus chisel plough in december 2004; PDC1, PDC2 and PDC3 = no tillage plus four passes of a machine of 10Mg in December, respectively to the agricultural years of 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2001/2002 - 2002/2003. Soil cores were collected at 0.08-0.13m depth to evaluate the compressive parameters of soil. In the no tillage under additional compaction higher and lower values were obtained respectively of bulk density and soil compression index. The bulk density and the soil compression index are concistant and sensitive parameters to detect alterations in the soil structure. The non linear model (McNabb & BOERSMA, 1993) is a potential tool to determine the bulk density of soils under no tillage, starting from the initial bulk density and the loads to be applied in the soil.

Perennial grasses for recovery of the aggregation capacity of a reconstructed soil in a coal mining area in southern Brazil

The construction of a soil after surface coal mining involves heavy machinery traffic during the topographic regeneration of the area, resulting in compaction of the relocated soil layers. This leads to problems with water infiltration and redistribution along the new profile, causing water erosion and consequently hampering the revegetation of the reconstructed soil. The planting of species useful in the process of soil decompaction is a promising strategy for the recovery of the soil structural quality. This study investigated the influence of different perennial grasses on the recovery of reconstructed soil aggregation in a coal mining area of the Companhia Riograndense de Mineracao, located in Candiota-RS, which were planted in September/October 2007. The treatments consisted of planting: T1- Cynodon dactylon cv vaquero; T2 - Urochloa brizantha; T3 - Panicum maximun; T4 - Urochloa humidicola; T5 - Hemarthria altissima; T6 - Cynodon dactylon cv tifton 85. Bare reconstructed soil, adjacent to the experimental area, was used as control treatment (T7) and natural soil adjacent to the mining area covered with native vegetation was used as reference area (T8). Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected in October/2009 (layers 0.00-0.05 and 0.10-0.15 m) to determine the percentage of macro- and microaggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, organic matter content, bulk density, and macro- and microporosity. The lower values of macroaggregates and MWD in the surface than in the subsurface layer of the reconstructed soil resulted from the high degree of compaction caused by the traffic of heavy machinery on the clay material. After 24 months, all experimental grass treatments showed improvements in soil aggregation compared to the bare reconstructed soil (control), mainly in the 0.00-0.05 m layer, particularly in the two Urochloa treatments (T2 and T4) and Hemarthria altissima (T5). However, the great differences between the treatments with grasses and natural soil (reference) indicate that the recovery of the pre-mining soil structure could take decades.

Metodologias de controle de qualidade de análises granulométricas do solo

The quality of particle size analysis is essential for correct soil textural classification and defining the Brazilian Agroclimatic Zoning. The objectives were to evaluate methods of particle size analysis and develop a spreadsheet for use in quality control analyzes. We collected 50 soil samples with different particle size distribution, in RS and SC states of Brazil, which were analyzed by five laboratories in the two states that perform the soil particle size analysis using two methods: one proposed by the Campinas Agronomic Institute (IAC) and the other by the Network of Soil and Plant Tissue Analysis Laboratories of the states of RS and SC (ROLAS). A greater number of disparities were observed for the clay and sand fractions regardless of the method. The ROLAS method had a higher number of mismatches (76% of samples), especially for samples with higher contents of those two fractions. The use of the median value in the ROLAS methodology is more rigorous in analysis quality control.

Condição estrutural de um argissolo no Rio Grande do Sul, em floresta nativa, em pastagem cultivada e em povoamento com eucalipto

This study aimed to define the critical limits of physico-hidric attributes to areas under forest and pasture and to evaluate the intensity of compression of these uses in a Hapludalf in South Brazil. The use of soils were: Native Forest – formed for arboreal species; Pasture – five years old, constituted of Brachiaria brizantha associated with Paspalum lourai and Trifolium sp.; Eucalipto 20 - Eucalyptus saligna with 20 years old, installed under conventional tillage; Eucalipto 4,5 - Eucalyptus saligna under 2nd rotation, 4.5 years old. It was evaluated the hydraulic conductivity, macro, micro and total porosity and bulk density. The eucalypt is a potential crop to be used in recovering degraded areas with no commercial objective. Soil compression increase bulk density and decrease macroporosity and total porosity until the layer of 0.40 m in eucalypt for commercial use and until 0.10 m in pasture. Values based on restriction and yield of annual crops or in the least limiting water range have potential to be used as restrictive values for perennial and pasture crops