Luiz Cláudio Costa

Effects of Angular Leaf Spot and Rust on Yield Loss of Phaseolus vulgaris

ABSTRACT Three field experiments were conducted in 1997, 1998, and 1999 to investigate the effects of angular leaf spot and rust, separately or combined, on host growth and yield of individual bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris). In each experiment, three treatments were established by inoculating cv. Carioca with Phaeoisariopsis griseola, Uromyces appendiculatus, or with both pathogens. An additional control treatment was not inoculated, but was sprayed with a fungicide. In the 1997 and 1999 experiments, angular leaf spot reached higher disease levels than rust, whereas in 1998, rust was more severe than angular leaf spot. Host growth, expressed as healthy leaf area duration (HAD), and yield were the highest in 1997 and lowest in 1998. In each experiment, the treatments did not differ significantly to the area under leaf area progress curve, HAD, and healthy leaf area absorption (HAA). All inoculated treatments had significantly more severe disease and less yield than the control treatment. Based on the analysis of 60 plants in each experiment, yield was not related to the areas under disease progress curve for either or both diseases. In 1997 and 1999, yield was related to HAD (R(2) = 0.57 and 0.43) and HAA(R(2) = 0.60 and 0.55). Based on the combined analysis of all 36 plots, angular leaf spot reduced the leaf area because of defoliation, whereas rust did not affect the leaf area. Rust reduced yield more than four times that of angular leaf spot, although the decrease in photosynthesis to angular leaf spot was twice that of rust.

Produtividade e qualidade da banana prata anã, influenciada por lâminas de água, cultivada no Norte de Minas Gerais

This study evaluated the effects of different irrigation water depths on the vegetative development, yield and quality of banana. The basic parameters of the irrigation management were determined fo a banana crop, for the first and second cycles in the Northern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The irrigation water depths applied to the treatments were 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimated by Penman-Monteith equation. The leaf area index and the degrees-day accumulated for each phenological stage, as wellas the shade percentages, were determined. The results show that the treatment corresponding to 120% of the ETo provided higher productivities in comparison to other treatments. The irrigation water depths affected the fruit quality at the harvesting time, showing that the irrigation depth of 120% of the ETo was superior. The amount of water applied in treatments of 100 and 120% of the ETo in relation to the other treatments promoted earls flowering and, consequently, harvest. The crop coefficients (Kc) presented for the first cycle values of 0.71, 1.00 and 0.87 for the phenological stages corresponding to II, III and IV, respectively, and 0.97 for the only one stage for the second cycle.

Effects of angular leaf spot and rust on leaf gas exchange and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Isolated and interactive effects of angular leaf spot (caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola) and rust (caused by Uromyces appendiculatus) on leaf gas exchange and yield was studied in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Carioca) plants. Gas exchange was measured on 37, 44, 51, and 58 d after planting using a portable photosynthesis system. The inoculation of plants with P. griseola (P), U. appendiculatus (U), and the combination of both pathogens (P+U) caused a significant reduction of net photosynthetic rate (PN) and yield. The reduction of stomatal conductance (gs), PN, and yield was higher under P and combination of P+U than under U treatment. By effect of U, the reduction on yield was higher than the reductions on gas exchange parameters. On the treatment P+U, a reduction of 23 % in PN and a correspondent reduction of 32 % in yield was observed. The interactive effects of the pathogens on yield could be explained in part by the decreases in gs and in PN of diseased bean leaves. The combined effect of both diseases on yield and gas exchange parameters suggests an antagonistic interaction.

Utilization of the cropgro-soybean model to estimate yield loss caused by Asian rust in cultivars with different cycle

In recent years, crop models have increasingly been used to simulate agricultural features. The DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) is an important tool in modeling growth; however, one of its limitations is related to the unac- counted-for effect of diseases. Therefore, the goals of this study were to calibrate and validate the CSM CROPGRO-Soybean for the soybean cultivars M-SOY 6101 and MG/BR 46 (Conquista), analyze the performance and the effect of Asian soybean rust on these cultivars under the environmental conditions of Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The experimental data for the evaluation, testing, and adjustment of the genetic coefficients for the cultivars, M-SOY 6101 and MG/BR 46 (Conquista), were obtained during the 2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2009/2010 growing seasons. GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) was used for the estimation of the genetic coefficients, and pedotransfer functions have been utilized to estimate the physical characteristics of the soil. For all of the sowing dates, the early season cultivar, M-SOY 6101, exhibited a lower variance in yield, which represents more stability with regard to the interannual climate variability, i.e., the farmers who use this cultivar will have in 50% of the crop years analyzed, a higher yield than a late-season cultivar. The MG/BR 46 (Conquista) cultivar demonstrated a greater probability of obtaining higher yield in years with favorable weather conditions. However, in the presence of the Asian soybean rust, yield is heavily affected. The early cultivar, M-SOY 6101, showed a lower risk of being affected by the rust and consequently exhibited less yield loss considering the scenario D90 (condensation on the leaf surface occurs when the relative humidity is greater than or equal to 90%), for a sowing date of November 14.

Desenvolvimento foliar das culturas da soja e do feijão e de plantas daninhas

The objective of this study was to compare the emission rate and expansion of the leaves, duration of the leaf area (DLA) and the extinction coefficient (k) for the crops soybean and of the bean, and for the weeds Euphorbia heterophylla sensitive and Euphorbia heterophylla resistant to the herbicides inhibiting of the ALS enzyme, Bidens pilosa and Desmodium tortuosum. The experiment was developed in the field, in soil classified as Red-Yellow Claysoil, in the period of october of 2000 to march of 2001. Each plantspecies consisted of a treatment. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The mensurations of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were accomplished in two points of the plants: above and bellow the canopy, by means of a light ceptometer. The emission rate and the expansion of leaves was calculated at the end of the cycle of the crops. The DLA and k were calculated before and after the plant flowering. It was not observed differences in the development of the biotypes of E. heterophylla with relation to the rate of appearance of leaves, expansion rate, DLA or k. Among the cultures, the bean presented smaller leaf emission rate (0.591 / day) compared to the soybean (0.933 / day). Among the weeds, the largest leaf emission rate was with D. tortuosum (0.699 / day). The leaf expansion rate observed by the soybean was superior to all the other species (6.77 cm2.dia-1). All plant species presented larger value for DLA after the flowering compared before flowering. The soybean presented larger value of k (before and after the flowering 0.52 and 0.93, respectively) compared to the other species, demonstrating high potential of interception of solar radiation.

Expolinear model on soybean growth in Argentina and Brazil

Predicting crop growth and yield with precision are one of the main concerns of the agricultural science. For these purpose mechanistic models of crop growth have been developed and tested worldwide. The feasibility of an expolinear model for crop growth was evaluated on predicting growth modification on soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) of determined and undetermined growth cultivars, submitted to water restrictions imposed on different phenological stages. An experiment was carried out in Azul/Argentina and in Vicosa/Brazil during the growing seasons (1997/1998, 1998/1999 and 2002/2003). The expolinear model was adjusted to the dry-matter data obtained from each treatment. The model showed sensibility of Rm (maximum relative growth rate of the culture - g g-1 day-1) to variation in air temperature; of Cm (maximum growth rate of the culture - g m-2 day-1) to solar radiation and of Tb (lost time -day) to water stress. Cm values were higher without water restriction presenting, in both countries, a direct correlation with solar radiation. Without water restrictions, Rm values were lower when the average air temperature during the cycle was lower. It was observed that under water stress the culture had a bias to present higher Rm values. Tb was lower in the irrigated treatments than in those with water deficits. The analysis of the outputs clearly shows the feasibility of the expolinear model to explain the differential growth rates of soybean as a consequence of climatic conditions.

EFEITOS DE DIFERENTES LÂMINAS E FREQÜÊNCIAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO SOBRE A PRODUTIVIDADE DO MAMOEIRO (Carica papaya L.)

The present work was carried out at the Fazenda Experimental de Sooretama of the Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistencia Tecnica e Extensao Rural - INCAPER, in Sooretama county, ES, over the period from November 22, 1996 to January 15, 1998. The soil of the area is a distrophic Yellow Red Latosol with a moderate A horizon. The objective was to study the effects of the interaction between the applied water depth and application frequencies upon the commercial production and production components of the papaya tree. A lineal growth of productivity was obtained with the increment in the applied water depth. However, it was verified that the largest productivity was obtained for irrigation frequency varying between three and five days. It was still observed that the average weight of the fruits was practically not affected by the interval among irrigations, but this effect was observed for the number of commercial fruits for plant, although both have grown with the increase of the applied water amount.

Sistema computacional aplicado ao cálculo da demanda hídrica georeferenciada para a cultura do feijão

Para se determinar as demandas de irrigacao e as melhores datas para o plantio da cultura do feijoeiro na bacia dos Rios do Leste, implementou-se um programa computacional, denominado DEMANDAsis, que se baseia no balanco de agua no solo, consistindo de um sistema composto por programas e bancos de dados. Os resultados sobre datas propicias ao plantio do feijao na bacia dos Rios do Leste indicaram que o periodo entre 5 e 19 de outubro e o que assegura maior disponibilidade de agua de origem pluvial durante o ciclo da cultura, em cerca de 53% da area da bacia. A aplicacao de lâminas de irrigacao suplementar de 4 a 5 mm d-1 foi considerada adequada em torno de 40% da area da bacia.

Avaliação da relação seca/produtividade agrícola em cenário de mudanças climáticas

As mudancas climaticas alertam para um possivel aumento de eventos meteorologicos extremos em todo o mundo, sendo crescente a preocupacao de como o clima pode mudar o ambiente e afetar a producao das culturas agricolas. Este estudo investiga a relacao entre a produtividade agricola e a seca em algumas mesorregioes do estado de Minas Gerais, em cenarios de mudancas climaticas. Foram utilizados dados meteorologicos diarios projetados pelo modelo ECHAM5/MPI-OM, para o periodo de 2008 a 2020 para o cenario A1B. Utilizou-se a metodologia da zona agroecologica (AEZ) para estimar a produtividade futura do milho. Empregou-se o indice de seca Z de Palmer em um modelo de regressao linear com a produtividade do milho estimada pela metodologia da AEZ. O desempenho dos modelos foi verificado por meio das estatisticas: coeficiente de determinacao (r2), raiz do erro quadratico medio (RMSE), erro absoluto medio (MAE) e indice de concordância de Willmott (d). Os resultados do indice de concordância de Willmott variaram entre 0,48 e 0,90, e os valores de r2 foram pouco expressivos. Contudo, a produtividade estimada pela metodologia AEZ projetou maiores perdas na produtividade do milho devido a limitacoes por agua para os anos agricolas de 2008/2009, 2009/2010, 2014/2015, 2018/2019 para as mesorregioes Triângulo/Alto Paranaiba, Central Mineira e Jequitinhonha.

Influência da cobertura de resíduos de culturas nas fases da evaporação direta da água do solo

The effects of surface mulches from corn and wheat crop residues on the direct soil water evaporation stages were analyzed for two soils of different textural classes. The treatments consisted of three rates of crop residues, 0, 50 and 100% of the dry matter and three water evaporative demands. The bare soil water evaporation presented distinct behavior for the three tested water evaporative demands. For the water evaporative demand of nearly 3 mm d-1, the treatment with bare soil stayed in the first stage of evaporation rate, at least for the period of 21 days of the experiment. The concept U established by Ritchie (1972) to define the end of the first water evaporation stage, was not observed for the water evaporative demands of 5.2 and 3.0 mm d-1. For these demands, the soil stayed in the first evaporation stage during the data collection period of 21 days. For the residual rate of 100% of dry matter and for the corn and wheat cultivations, the evaporative demand had a modest influence in reducing the soil water evaporation, which on average varied 28% of the evaporation occurred in the treatment with bare soil, having significant difference among the residual rates, but did not occur differences between the two soil classes, for the water depth evaporated in 21 days.