M. B. Café

Efeito da Idade dos Frangos de Corte sobre a Atividade Enzimática e Digestibilidade dos Nutrientes do Farelo de Soja e da Soja Integral

This work aimed to investigate the effect of broilers age in the digestibility of nutrients in extruded and toasted full fat soybean (EFFS and TFFS) and soybean meal plus oil (SMO), and in the production of digestive pancreatic enzymes. Five digestibility assays were carried out with broilers of one, two, three, four , and six weeks of age. Total collected excreta methodology was applied. The activities of amylase and pancreatic trypsin enzymes increased linearly with the broilers age, as well as the allometric growth of the pancreas. The highest allometric growth ratio occurred in the second week, coincidentally with the period of increasing activity of the digestive enzymes. However, for lipase activity, distinct age affect was found for each feeds. For birds fed on TFFS, the enzyme activity increased linearly with age, while those fed on EFFS, SMO, and concentrate a quadratic effect was observed. The digestibility coefficients for dry matter and ether extract and the soybeans metabolizable energy (ME) varied at different proportions by age. A positive correlation between ether extract digestibility and lipase activity was also observed. The results of corrected apparent and actual metabolizable energy for EFFS presented a quadratic profile in function of age, increasing ME up to the third week and decreasing after this period. However, ME of TFFS, SMO and concentrate was not affected by chicks age. The nutrient digestibility of feedstuffs varies with chicks age, due to the different enzymatic activities.

Determinação do Valor Nutricional das Sojas Integrais Processadas para Aves

Tres ensaios biologicos foram realizados com o objetivo de determinar o conteudo de energia metabolizavel e do coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etereo da soja integral processada por diferentes metodos (extrusao e tostagem) e do farelo de soja reconstituido com oleo. No primeiro e segundo ensaios, foram utilizadas a metodologia tradicional de coleta total de excretas, utilizando pintos no primeiro ensaio e galos no segundo. No terceiro ensaio, empregou-se a metodologia de alimentacao forcada (Sibbald, 1976) com galos adultos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, as sojas testadas apresentaram composicoes bromatologicas semelhantes. Os processamentos usados para a soja integral conferiram diferencas na digestibilidade dos nutrientes da soja e os coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etereo obtidos para a soja extrusada e para o farelo de soja com adicao de oleo foram superiores aos obtidos para soja tostada pelo vapor. Os valores de energia metabolizavel obtidos para a soja extrusada foram superiores aos encontrados para a soja tostada pelo vapor e para o farelo de soja com adicao de oleo, que foram semelhantes entre si.

Efeito do gérmen integral de milho sobre o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte

Two experiments were carried out with 1008 male Ag-Ross 508 broilers each. Experiment 1 was carried out from October 26th to November 1st, 2001 to evaluate the performance of broilers fed on increasing levels of corn germ meal (CGM) in the diets from 1 to 7 days of age. Experiment 2 was carried from January 24th to March 12th, 2002 to evaluate the performance and carcass yield from 8 to 47 days. The birds were allotted to a completely randomized design with four treatments (levels of CGM replacing corn in ration - 0%, 33%, 67% and 100%) and four replicates of 63 birds. The CGM was not a good ingredient for pre-starter phase. The recommended inclusion levels of CGM were 21.9% and 22.5% from 8 to 21 days and from 22 to 38 days, respectively. No restriction concerning the use of CGM for diets of broilers from 39 to 47 days of age is made.

Desempenho de poedeiras comerciais submetidas ou não a diferentes métodos de debicagem

One experiment was conducted using 288 Isa Babcock laying hens, to study the effects of beak trimming (not trimming, light and severe). The hens were distributed in an at random experimental design, in factorial arrangement 3x3 ( first x second beak trimming ). The first one was done at nine days of age and the second at twelve weeks of age. Feed intake, body weight, egg production and feed conversion in four periods of twenty eight days each was evaluated. According to the results, the birds at severe beak trimming showed less feed intake and worst egg production (P<0.05).

Suplementação de glutamina em dietas elaboradas com ingredientes de origem vegetal e animal para pintos de corte

The effect of glutamine supplementation in diets formulated with animal by-products on the performance and integrity of the small intestine of broiler chicks up to 21 days of age was evaluated. The treatments were the combination of types of diets (only with ingredients from a vegetal source or vegetal plus animal source) and levels of glutamine (0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0%). The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2x4 factorial scheme (kinds of diets x levels of glutamine), with five replicates and 12 birds per experimental unit. No interaction between diets and glutamine supplementation and treatment effects on the performance traits were observed during the chick starter phase. There was a quadratic effect of glutamine on the crude protein digestibility coefficient. Birds supplemented with glutamine diets showed higher villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum. Broiler diets formulated with animal ingredients have no effect on chick performance during the initial phase, and glutamine supplementation improved the small intestine integrity.

Composição e Digestibilidade dos Aminoácidos das Sojas Integrais Processadas para Aves

The present bird assays were conducted to determine the digestibility of amino acid content of process full-fat soybeans. Two types of process full-fat soybeans were utilized, the extruded and heated full-fat soybeans. The assay was developed by using the force-feeding adult rooster method. The results for amino acid digestibility of the extruded soybean were higher than that heated soybean. As the type of full-fat soybean processing caused differences on the amino acid availability of studied soybeans, it can be concluded that the different processing gave to those feedstuffs diverse nutritional characteristics for poultry.

Efeito do período e temperatura de armazenamento de ovos férteis sobre o rendimento de incubação e características de qualidade de codornas neonatas

Foram estudados parâmetros de incubacao e de qualidade fisica de codornas japonesas neonatas oriundas de ovos submetidos a diferentes condicoes de armazenamento. Os tratamentos constituiram-se de combinacoes entre temperaturas e periodos de armazenamento dos ovos ferteis. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 2x5, temperaturas (ambiente (28±1,5oC) e refrigerada (14oC)) x periodos de armazenamento (um, tres, seis, nove ou doze dias), totalizando 10 tratamentos com 105 repeticoes, sendo cada ovo uma unidade experimental. Os ovos foram incubados nas condicoes de 37,9oC e 60% de umidade relativa (UR). Houve aumento de perda de peso do ovo com o periodo de armazenamento, com efeito linear positivo. Observou-se maior taxa de eclosao/ovos ferteis para os ovos armazenados sob refrigeracao. Houve efeito linear negativo para o periodo de armazenamento sobre a taxa de eclosao somente para os ovos armazenados em 28oC. Para o peso da codorna neonata, houve efeito linear negativo, independentemente da temperatura de armazenamento. O comprimento do intestino delgado em temperatura ambiente sofreu influencia do periodo de armazenamento, sendo que o periodo de 12 dias apresentou pior resultado. O pior escore de qualidade fisica foi encontrado em codornas neonatas oriundas de ovos armazenados em temperatura ambiente por 12 dias. Pode-se concluir que, para melhorar a eclosao e a qualidade fisica da progenie, ovos de codorna devem ser armazenados por ate nove dias e em temperatura de 14oC.

Microbiota intestinal e desempenho de frangos alimentados com rações elaboradas com sorgo ou milheto e complexo enzimático

Two experiments were conducted to examine the supplementation enzyme in broilers fed with sorghum or pearl millet. The intestinal microflora and broiler performance was conducted with 420 and 1.200 broiler chickens, respectively. The treatments consisted of sorghum or pearl millet diet with enzymatic complex. The microflora assay consisted of 15 birds per experimental unit in completed randomized delineament, with seven replicates, and the performance study consisted of 60 birds per experimetal unit in a randomized block design, with five replicates. A study of bacteria negative-gram and total number bacteria aerobic in the small intestine was carried out. The averages were compared by contrasts (performance) and the Kruskal-Wallis (bacteria) tests applied for the research. The enzyme supplementation did not affect the broiler intestinal microflora at the age of 14 and 28 days. Feed conversion in the pearl millet diets supplemented with enzymes was better in the initial phase. The body weight was better to treat enzymatic complex in diets pearl millet (at age of 1- 35 days), however, at the age of 1 to 42 days there was no effect of supplementation for millet or sorghum. The results showed that the sorghum or pearl millet diets supplemented with enzymes are a viable strategy to improve the nutritional value of the diets and performance results depending on the age of the broilers.

Infecção experimental de embriões de frango de corte com Salmonella enterica sorovar Enteritidis fagotipo 4

The experimental infection of Salmonella Enteritidis phagotype 4 (SEpt4) was evaluated in broilers embryos to verify the ability of penetration through eggshell and the effect of albumen inoculation considering embryo mortality, hatchability, and intestinal colonization of hatched chicks. Two trials were conducted using in four treatments each, totaling 200 and 194 fertile eggs of Ross and ISA Label lineages, respectively. Non-sanitized eggs were inoculated on the shell with Salmonella Enteritidis (Treatment 1) or placebo (Treatment 2); and eggs were inoculated in albumen with Salmonella Enteritidis (Treatment 3) or placebo (Treatment 4). Immediately after inoculation, the eggs were incubated and embryo mortality was evaluated after 96, 432, and 528 hours. The results showed that Salmonella Enteritidis inoculated on egg shell remained active there and in shell membranes during all incubation period and migrated to the interior of the eggs; however, it did not affect the incubation parameters. It was observed that Salmonella Enteritidis inoculated in albumen caused late embryo mortality in Ross (17.0%) and ISA Label (13.0%) lineages, and originated chicks with high frequency of intestinal colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis, being 76.7% and 26.7% for Ross and ISA Label, respectively.

Milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) como substituto do milho em rações para codornas-japonesas em postura (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Avaliou-se o desempenho de codornas-japonesas em postura alimentadas com niveis crescentes de milheto-grao na racao. Duzentas codornas com 70 dias de idade, submetidas a um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repeticoes de 10 aves, receberam niveis de milheto de 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% em substituicao ao milho em racoes na fase de postura. Foram medidos a producao e o peso dos ovos, o consumo de racao, a mortalidade, a coloracao da gema pelo leque colorimetrico, e calculada a conversao alimentar em termos de massa e de duzia de ovos. Os indices de produtividade das codornas nao foram afetados pelos diferentes niveis de substituicao estudados e o milheto-grao se constituiu em uma fonte de substituicao do milho para codornas-japonesas, devendo-se, porem, incluir na racao uma fonte de pigmentacao para a gema dos ovos.