M. R. Haberfeld

Enhancing police integrity

The Idea of Police Integrity.- Measuring Police Integrity.- Profiles of Integrity.- The Charleston, South Carolina, Police Department.- The Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina, Police Department.- The St. Petersburg, Florida, Police Department.- The Second Survey.- Recruitment, Selection, and Training.- Processing Citizen Complaints.- Meting out the Discipline.- Circumscribing the Code of Silence.- Enhancing Police Integrity.

Rainless West: The Integrity Survey’s Role in Agency Accountability

This study seeks to test the capacity to measure individual agency integrity using the theoretical perspective and police integrity instrument developed by Klockars and colleagues. Specifically, sworn officers in a large U.S. municipal law enforcement agency evaluated 11 vignettes describing various forms of police misconduct, from police corruption and the use of excessive force to perjury and planting of evidence. Although our study in Rainless West yields a picture of police integrity that is largely similar to those reported for the three police agencies participating in the study by Klockars and colleagues, we detect substantial differences in the levels of integrity associated with the least serious forms of misconduct. Rainless West offers a lesson for institutions seeking to raise police accountability to explore integrity not only as it applies to the most serious forms of misconduct, but also as it applies to the least serious forms of misconduct.

Russian Organized Corruption Networks and their International Trajectories

Preface List of Figures Acknowledgments Chapter I. Introduction Definitions of Organized Crime (OC), Russian Organized Crime, and Organized Corruption Network (OCN). Organization of the Book Chapter II. Roots of Russian Organized Crime 2.1 Development of Criminal Professionals 16th -- 19th Century 2.2 Soviet Period: the vory v zakone in 1920s-1990s 2.3 Gorbachevs Economic and Social Reforms 2.4 The End of 90s - 2008 (OC-OCN) (2 Figures of OC) 2.5 Transformation and Adaptation Chapter III. Organized Crime, Businesses, and Local Bureaucracy 3.1 Features of the Russian Organized Crime 3.2 Social and Legal Causes of the Economy Criminalization 3.3 Regional Organized Crime Groups (Profiles 2 Figures) 3.4 Turf Wars Chapter IV. Corruption in the Government: the Origins and Tendency 4.1 The Soviet Roots of Corruption: Social and Historic Phenomenon 4.2 Transitional Period: Stages, Tendency, and Development 4.3 Factors Promoting Corruption (Anticorruption legislation) 4.4 Corruption and Public service Chapter V. Organized Corruption Networks 5.1 Corruption and Organized Crime Diffusion into the System of Civil Service 5.2 Types, Forms and Methods of the OCN Control Over Territories, Enterprises, and the Economy (OCN Definition, Distinction from Criminal Network, Structure, Figures) 5.3 Cases of Corruption Chapter VI. Ways to Fight OCN: Law Enforcement Services 6.1 Structure and Legislation 6. 2 Criminal Code and Law Enforcements in Combating OCN Chapter VII. The International Reach 7.1 Comparative Dimensions of Russian Organized Corruption Networks 7.2 Implications for the Future Bibliography Index

Teamwork – not making the dream work

In January of 1999, following the philosophy of community oriented policing, the Polish National Police restructured its organization. This article presents results of two phases out of a larger research project conducted with the Polish police and community members representing diverse environments including college students, politicians, and media representatives. Our results represent an analysis of over 2,000 questionnaires distributed to the members of the Polish police and contrasted against data collected from hundreds of questionnaires answered by college students in three cities. The questionnaire was designed to measure the degree of understanding of the role of the police in a democratic society, as perceived by both the public and the police. Some of the main principles of community‐oriented – problem‐solving policing are revisited in the questionnaire, providing a baseline for discussion about the feasibility of implementation of a philosophical paradigm in real‐life environments, when the actors involved have no clear concept about the roles they are supposed to play.

Transformation from militia to police in Croatia and Poland – A comparative perspective

During the last decade Croatia and Poland underwent a period of major political transformation from communist regimes to democratic forms of government. Although their police forces function within similar political frameworks, their operational agendas are somewhat different. Due to the differences in social and economic environments, as well as the recent war in Croatia, the challenges the two police forces faced in the transition period varied substantially. This paper analyzes and compares the processes of change encountered by the two law enforcement agencies.

A Minimum Requirement for Police Corruption

Corruption is extremely difficult to study in a direct, quantitative, empirical manner. Because most corruption incidents are never reported or recorded, official data on corruption are better regarded as measures of police agency anti-corruption activity than as measures of the actual level of corruption. Moreover, police officers are unlikely to be willing to candidly report their own or other officers’ corrupt activities, even with assurances of confidentiality by researchers.

Does discipline fairness matter for the police code of silence? Answers from the US supervisors and line officers

Purpose – Following the theoretical model of reporting and disciplinary fairness developed by Kutnjak Ivkovic and Klockars (1998), the purpose of this paper is to use a survey of US police officers to explore empirically the contours of the code of silence and the potential relation between the code and perceptions of disciplinary fairness. Design/methodology/approach – In 2013-2014, a police integrity survey was used to measure the contours of police integrity among 604 police officers from 11 police agencies located in the Midwest and on the East Coast of the USA. The questionnaire contains descriptions of 11 scenarios describing various forms of police misconduct, followed by seven questions measuring officer views of scenario seriousness, the appropriate and expected discipline, and willingness to report misconduct. Findings – The results point out that the code of silence varies greatly across the scenarios, both for supervisors and line officers. While the supervisor code and the line officer code d...

Terrorism Within Comparative International Context

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A Comparative Perspective on Police Integrity

This chapter presents a comparative view of police integrity. The authors analyze the results of the police integrity survey performed across ten countries. We find that, although absolute evaluations of seriousness and willingness to report vary across countries, relative rankings of seriousness and willingness to report (i.e., how scenarios are evaluated compared to other scenarios in the questionnaire) tend to be similar across most of the ten countries. Behaviors evaluated as more serious were also more likely to be viewed as violations of official rules. Although the majority of the respondents from nine countries support and expect some discipline for all forms of misconduct featured in the questionnaire, police agencies create vastly different disciplinary environments. Police officers differentiate across scenarios and neither expect nor support the same type of discipline for every type of misconduct. While the code of silence is present in each and every country, what seems to be protected by the code varies greatly across the ten countries. We conclude that the contours of police integrity are quite heterogeneous; what is acceptable and tolerated in one country or one police agency may not be acceptable at all in another, and may be disciplined severely. As the results from Russia and South Korea demonstrate, historical, political, social, and economic conditions in a country are closely tied with the level of integrity in the country.

Police Integrity in the United States

This chapter explores the contours of police integrity in the United States. The 11 local police departments, surveyed across the United States in the period from 2013 to 2014, constitute a convenience sample of a diverse range of police departments, with both large and small municipal agencies and sheriff’s departments. The questionnaire is built around 11 scenarios covering a variety of forms of police misconduct, including police corruption, use of excessive force, planting of evidence, and failure to execute an arrest warrant. After reviewing each scenario, the respondents were asked to report own and others’ evaluation of its seriousness, appropriate and expected discipline, as well as own and others’ willingness to report the misconduct. The respondents evaluated scenarios described in the questionnaire to range in seriousness from the least serious (acceptance of gratuities and verbal abuse of citizens) to the most serious (opportunistic theft, unjustifiable use of deadly force, and official report falsification). Although most of the respondents expected and supported some discipline for all the scenarios described in the questionnaire, they expected police officers to be dismissed from service only for the three most serious scenarios. We also measured the contours of the code of silence and found that the code of silence is far from the flat prohibition of reporting. The code was much stronger for the behaviors evaluated as the least serious and the weakest for the behaviors evaluated as the most serious.