Malcolm Tull

The future of the oceans past: Towards a global marine historical research initiative

Historical research is playing an increasingly important role in marine sciences. Historical data are also used in policy making and marine resource management, and have helped to address the issue of shifting baselines for numerous species and ecosystems. Although many important research questions still remain unanswered, tremendous developments in conceptual and methodological approaches are expected to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the global history of human interactions with life in the seas. Based on our experiences and knowledge from the “History of Marine Animal Populations” project, this paper identifies the emerging research topics for future historical marine research. It elaborates on concepts and tools which are expected to play a major role in answering these questions, and identifies geographical regions which deserve future attention from marine environmental historians and historical ecologists.

Adaptation options for marine industries and coastal communities using community structure and dynamics

Identifying effective adaptation strategies for coastal communities dependent on marine resources and impacted by climate change can be difficult due to the dynamic nature of marine ecosystems. The task is more difficult if current and predicted shifts in social and economic trends are considered. Information about social and economic change is often limited to qualitative data. A combination of qualitative and quantitative models provide the flexibility to allow the assessment of current and future ecological and socio-economic risks and can provide information on alternative adaptations. Here, we demonstrate how stakeholder input, qualitative models and Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) can provide semi-quantitative predictions, including uncertainty levels, for the assessment of climate and non-climate-driven change in a case study community. Issues are identified, including the need to increase the capacity of the community to cope with change. Adaptation strategies are identified that alter positive feedback cycles contributing to a continued decline in population, local employment and retail spending. For instance, the diversification of employment opportunities and the attraction of new residents of different ages would be beneficial in preventing further population decline. Some impacts of climate change can be combated through recreational bag or size limits and monitoring of popular range-shifted species that are currently unmanaged, to reduce the potential for excessive removal. Our results also demonstrate that combining BBNs and qualitative models can assist with the effective communication of information between stakeholders and researchers. Furthermore, the combination of techniques provides a dynamic, learning-based, semi-quantitative approach for the assessment of climate and socio-economic impacts and the identification of potential adaptation strategies.

Anglo-American Contributions to Japanese and German Corporate Governance after World War Two

After over 50 years, it is pertinent at a time when corporate governance (CG) is a controversial subject, especially in ‘transition’ economies, to reflect on the immediate post-World War Two period as potentially a miniature ‘laboratory experiment’ in CG. In this period, occupying US and UK military governments were in a very strong position to reform CG in Japan and Germany respectively, in their own images. It turns out that many of their regulatory changes were subsequently modified or even reversed by domestic governments and market forces. In some subtle ways, however, the occupations laid a basis for rapid post-war economic recovery in Germany and Japan.

Restricting Fishing: A Socio-Economic Impact Assessment Of Artisanal Shark And Ray Fishing In Cilacap

Abstract Catches of shark and ray are considered important in Indonesian fisheries. Anecdotal evidence suggests that these fisheries may be over-exploited, but catches of shark and ray may be critical to their economic viability and the welfare of fishing communities dependent on them. Through a case study in Cilacap, Central Java, this paper assesses the potential economic and social impact on fishers and their households of restrictions on shark and ray catch. It reveals that shark and ray rep resent a minor component of this fisherys total catch, so the likely impact on the cash profitability of individual boats and the cash flow of fishing households would be minimal. However, inclusion of non-monetary costs in the analysis reveals that net returns to boat owners are negative. Shark and ray catch reductions will add further losses, and downstream activities such as processing of shark and ray products could imply an amplified aggregate impact.

Fishing for the impacts of climate change in the marine sector: a case study

Purpose – This paper aims, using a case study-based research approach, to investigate the role of climate and non-climate drivers in shaping three commercial marine sectors: fishing, aquaculture and marine tourism. Essential elements of climate change research include taking a whole of systems approach, which entails a socio-ecological perspective, and considering climate challenges alongside other challenges faced by resource users. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on information gained using in-depth semi-structured interviews in a coastal community in southeast Australia. Even though climate drivers differ, the economic sectors of this community are representative of many similar coastal communities around Australia. Findings – Results show that at a community level, people involved in, or associated with, marine sectors are aware of climate change impacts on the marine environment. Even though many may not see it as a pressing issue, the potential effect of climate change on busines...

Historical perspectives of fisheries exploitation in the Indo-Pacific

The waters of the Indo-Pacific were at the centre of the global expansion of marine capture fisheries in the twentieth century, yet surprisingly little has been written about this subject from a historical perspective. This book, the first major study of the history of fishing in Asia and Oceania, presents the case-studies completed through the History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP) initiative. It examines the marine environmental history and historical marine ecology of the Indo-Pacific during a period that witnessed the dramatic escalation of industrial fishing in these seas.

The development of the Australian fishing industry: A preliminary survey

Australians, inhabiting an island nation with about 37,000 kilometres of coastline, have always enjoyed access to a diverse supply of marine resources, such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs, pearl and trochus shells, whales and even seaweed. Long before the arrival of Europeans in 1788, aborigines fished the rivers, beaches and estuaries along the vast coastline. The Malays of Macassar fished the reefs and shoals along the northern coasts, catching trepang and beche-de-mer. Yet since 1788 Australians have, for the most part, concentrated on exploiting land rather than sea resources. For a brief period in the early nineteenth century sealing and whaling provided the colony with valuable exports; in the 1870s pearling became significant in Western Australia, Queensland and the Northern Territory. But general fishing, which includes the catching of scale fish, crustaceans and molluscs, was economically unimportant until the 1940s. Since then the exploitation of high-value seafood, such as rock lobsters, prawns and crabs, has transformed general fishing into an important economic activity. The extension of sovereignty in 1979 to 200 miles increased the Australian Fishing Zone (AFZ) to 8.94 million square kilometres, one of the largest in the world. In 1988, the year Australians celebrated 200 years of European settlement, the fishery had a gross value of A

A community enterprise: The history of the Port of Fremantle, 1897 to 1997

954 million and edible marine produce boosted export earnings by A

The History and Characteristics of the Mobulid Ray Fishery in the Bohol Sea, Philippines.

724 million. The industry employed about 25,000 people and made a major contribution to the prosperity of many communities. For many immigrants, particularly those of Greek and Italian descent, fishing has provided an outlet for traditional skills and a route to prosperity in their new homeland.

Institutions and port performance: A case study of the Port of Tauranga, New Zealand:

Ch. 1. The birth of a modern port Ch. 2. The establishment of the Fremantle Harbour Trust Ch. 3. The development of trade at the Port of Fremantle Ch. 4. The shipping of Fremantle Ch. 5. A century of port development, 1897 to 1997 Ch. 6. Cargo-handling technology, working conditions and industrial relations on the Fremantle waterfront Ch. 7. From Port Authority to strategic manager: the transformation of the FPA.