Marcelo Papoti

Anaerobic contribution during maximal anaerobic running test: correlation with maximal accumulated oxygen deficit.

The aims of this study were: (i) to measure energy system contributions in maximal anaerobic running test (MART); and (ii) to verify any correlation between MART and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD). Eleven members of the armed forces were recruited for this study. Participants performed MART and MAOD, both accomplished on a treadmill. MART consisted of intermittent exercise, 20 s effort with 100 s recovery, after each spell of effort exercise. Energy system contributions by MART were also determined by excess post‐exercise oxygen consumption, lactate response, and oxygen uptake measurements. MAOD was determined by five submaximal intensities and one supramaximal intensity exercises corresponding to 120% at maximal oxygen uptake intensity. Energy system contributions were 65.4±1.1% to aerobic; 29.5±1.1% to anaerobic a‐lactic; and 5.1±0.5% to anaerobic lactic system throughout the whole test, while only during effort periods the anaerobic contribution corresponded to 73.5±1.0%. Maximal power found in MART corresponded to 111.25±1.33 mL/kg/min but did not significantly correlate with MAOD (4.69±0.30 L and 70.85±4.73 mL/kg). We concluded that the anaerobic a‐lactic system is the main energy system in MART efforts and this test did not significantly correlate to MAOD.

Hematological parameters and anaerobic threshold in Brazilian soccer players throughout a training program

We assessed the responses of hematological parameters and their relationship to the anaerobic threshold of Brazilian soccer players during a training program. Twelve athletes were evaluated at the beginning (week 0, T1), in the middle (week 6, T2), and at the end (week 12, T3) of the soccer training program. On the first day at 7:30 am, before collecting the blood sample at rest for the determination of the hematological parameters, the athletes were conducted to the anthropometric evaluation. On the second day at 8:30 am, the athletes had their anaerobic threshold measured. Analysis of variance with Newman–Keuls’post hoc was used for statistical comparisons between the parameters measured during the soccer training program. Correlations between the parameters analyzed were determined using the Pearsons correlation coefficient. Erythrocytes concentration, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were significantly increased from T1 to T2. The specific soccer training program led to a rise in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit from T1 to T2. We assumed that these results occurred due to the plasma volume reduction and may be explained by the soccer training program characteristics. Furthermore, we did not observe any correlation between the anaerobic threshold and the hematological parameters.

Máxima fase estável de lactato é ergômetro-dependente em modelo experimental utilizando ratos

The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is considered the gold standard method for determination of aerobic/anaerobic metabolic transition during continuous exercise, but the blood lactate response at this intensity is ergometer-dependent in human beings. An important tool for exercise physiology and correlated fields is the use of animal models. However, investigation on evaluation protocols in rats is scarce. The aim of the present study was to verify if the MLSS is ergometer-dependent for the evaluation of the aerobic conditioning of rats. Therefore, 40 adult male Wistar rats were evaluated in two different exercise types: swimming and treadmill running. In both, the MLSS was obtained with 4 continuous 25 minutes tests, at different intensities, performed at 48 hours intervals. In all tests, blood samples were collected from a cut at the tail tip every 5 minutes for blood lactate analysis. The swimming tests occurred in a deep cylindrical tank, with water temperature at 31 ± 1°C. The loads used in the tests were 4.5; 5.0; 5.5 and 6.0% of the body weight tied to the animal’s back. For MLSS determination in running exercise, there was selection of running rats and velocities used in the tests were 15, 20, 25, 30 m.min-1. The MLSS was interpreted as an increase not exceeding 1.0 mM of blood lactate, from the 10th to the 25th minute of exercise. The MLSS in swimming exercise occurred at 5.0% of body weight (bw), with blood lactate at 5.20 ± 0.22 mM. The running rats presented MLSS at the 20 m.min-1 velocity, with blood lactate of 3.87 ± 0.33 mM. The results indicated that the MLSS is ergometer-dependent in experimental models using animals, as it is in human beings.A maxima fase estavel de lactato (MFEL) e considerada padrao-ouro para a determinacao da intensidade de transicao metabolica aerobia-anaerobia em exercicio continuo, porem a resposta lactacidemica nessa intensidade e, em humanos, dependente do ergometro utilizado na avaliacao. Uma ferramenta importante para estudos em fisiologia e areas correlatas e a aplicacao de modelos experimentais utilizando animais. Entretanto, ainda sao restritas as pesquisas destinadas a investigar protocolos de avaliacao em ratos. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar se a MFEL e dependente do ergometro utilizado para a avaliacao aerobia de ratos. Para isso, 40 ratos Wistar adultos foram avaliados em dois diferentes exercicios: natacao e corrida em esteira. Em ambos, a MFEL foi verificada apos aplicacao de quatro testes continuos, em diferentes intensidades, com duracao de 25 minutos, separados por intervalo de 48 horas. Em todos os testes houve coleta sanguinea da cauda dos animais a cada cinco minutos de exercicio para analise do lactato sanguineo. Os testes de natacao ocorreram em tanque cilindrico profundo, com a temperatura da agua a 31 ± 1°C. As cargas adotadas para os testes foram de 4,5; 5,0; 5,5; 6,0% do peso corporal, atadas ao dorso dos animais. Para a determinacao da MFEL em corrida, houve selecao dos ratos corredores e as velocidades dos testes foram de 15, 20, 25, 30m.min1. A MFEL foi interpretada como a mais alta intensidade de exercicio na qual o aumento da lactacidemia foi igual ou inferior a 1mM, do 10o ao 25o minuto. Anova one-way identificou diferencas entre as concentracoes de lactato sanguineo nos diversos tempos de exercicio e ergometros. A MFEL na natacao ocorreu a 5,0% do peso corporal (pc), em concentracao de lactato de 5,20 ± 0,22mM. Para o exercicio em esteira rolante, observou-se MFEL a 20m.min1, em concentracao 3,87 ± 0,33mM. Dessa forma, e possivel concluir que a MFEL tambem e ergometro-dependente em modelos experimentais utilizando animais.

Nonfunctional overreaching leads to inflammation and myostatin upregulation in swiss mice.

The aims of the this study were a) to verify whether the performance decrease induced by nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) is linked to high concentrations of cytokines in serum, skeletal muscles and liver; b) to verify muscle myostatin adaptation to NFOR; c) to verify the effects of chronic glucose supplementation on the parameters mentioned above. Mice were divided into control (C), trained (TR), overtrained (OTR) and supplemented overtrained (OTR + S). The incremental load test (ILT) and exhaustive test (ET) were used to measure performances before and after exercise protocols. 24 h after ET, muscles and liver were removed and stored at -80°C for subsequent measurements. Total blood was collected from decapitation for subsequent determination of cytokine concentrations. Generally, OTR and OTR + S presented higher contents of IL-6, TNF-alpha, GLUT-4 and myostatin in muscle samples compared to C and TR. Glucose supplementation attenuated the high contents of IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-15 in liver, and of IL-6 in serum. In summary, NFOR led to low-grade chronic inflammation and myostatin upregulation.

Comparação entre a utilização de saliva e sangue para determinação do lactato mínimo em cicloergômetro e ergômetro de braço em mesa-tenistas

The aim of this study was to verify if it is possible to determine the lactate minimum test (LMT) by saliva sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ) and lactate (LAC) concentrations in arm ergometer and cycle ergometers. Eight male international-level table tennis players participated in this study. To induce increases of lactate concentration in both ergometers, 30 seconds maximal tests were used with maximal force application in constant 102 rpm in isokinetic arm ergometer (Cybex UBE 2432), and loads of 7.5% of body weight (Kp) in cycle ergometer (mechanical Monark). After the anaerobic stimulus in arm ergometer, the incremental test was applied at constant 60 rpm, started at 49 watts and increment loads of 16 watts each three minutes. The LMT intensity was determined with the analysis of the blood lactate (LACmin arm ) and the saliva concentrations of sodium (Na + minarm-saliva) and potassium (K + minarm-saliva). For the cycle ergometer, the incremental test started with an intensity of 85 watts and increments of 17 watts at constant speed of 70 rpm. The stages were also of three minutes. The LACmin was determined using blood and saliva samples (LACmincycle; Na + mincyclesaliva , K +min cycle-saliva and LACmin cycle-saliva , respectively). In both ergometers, the intensity obtained in lactate minimum test was correspondent to zero derived polynomial adjustments by metabolite concentrations versus exercise intensities. The statistical analysis included one way ANOVA test, paired t-test and Pearson’s correlations. For all tests applications, the significance level was prefixed at 5%. The several LACmin determinations using blood and saliva samples did not show significant differences in arm and cycle ergometers (LACminarm 91.71 ± 12.43; Na + minarm-saliva 71.99 ± 23.42;O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a possibilidade de determinar o teste de lactato minimo (TLM) com concentracoes de sodio (Na+), potassio (K+) e lactato (LAC) na saliva em ergometro de braco e cicloergometro. Foram participantes deste estudo oito mesa-tenistas de nivel internacional. Como estimulo anaerobio no TLM em ambos os ergometros foram utilizados testes maximos de 30 segundos. No ergometro de braco isocinetico (Cybex Ube 2432) foi aplicada a forca maxima com rotacao fixa em 102rpm e no cicloergometro, aplicada a carga de 7,5% do peso corporal (Kp). Apos o estimulo anaerobio no ergometro de braco, foi iniciado um teste incremental com rotacoes na manivela constante a 60rpm, iniciado a 49 watts com aumento de 16 watts a cada estagio de tres minutos de exercicio. A intensidade correspondente ao TLM foi determinado com amostras de sangue e saliva (LACminbraco; Na+minbraco-saliva e K+minbraco-saliva, respectivamente). Para o cicloergometro, a carga inicial foi de 85 watts e aumento de 17 watts com rotacao do pedal constante a 70rpm. Cada estagio de exercicio tambem teve a duracao de tres minutos. O LACmin foi determinado utilizando amostras de sangue e saliva (LACminciclo; Na+minciclo-saliva, K+minciclo-saliva e LACminciclo-saliva, respectivamente). Em ambos os ergometros, as intensidades obtidas no TLM foram correspondentes a derivada zero do ajuste polinomial entre metabolito versus intensidade. Foram utilizados, como procedimentos estatisticos, o teste ANOVA One Way, teste t de Student pareado e teste de correlacao de Pearson com niveis de significância de 5%. Os LACmin determinados com amostras de sangue e de saliva, tanto para o ergometro de braco (LACminbraco 91,71 ± 12,43; Na+minbraco-saliva 71,99 ± 23,42; K+minbraco-saliva 79,67 ± 17,72), quanto para cicloergometro (LACminciclo 157,68 ± 13,48; LACminciclo-saliva 135,49 ± 33,2; Na+minciclo-saliva 121,81 ± 51,31; K+minciclo-saliva 135,49 ± 33,21), nao foram diferentes significativamente. Contudo, essas intensidades nao apresentaram correlacoes significativas. Pode-se entao concluir que a utilizacao de metabolitos na saliva para determinacao do TLM nao parece ser possivel para esse protocolo quando os ergometros utilizados sao o ergometro de braco isocinetico e o cicloergometro.

Combined Training (Aerobic Plus Strength) Potentiates a Reduction in Body Fat but Demonstrates No Difference on the Lipid Profile in Postmenopausal Women When Compared With Aerobic Training With a Similar Training Load

Abstract Rossi, FE, Fortaleza, ACS, Neves, LM, Buonani, C, Picolo, MR, Diniz, TA, Kalva-Filho, CA, Papoti, M, Lira, FS, and Freitas Junior, IF. Combined training (aerobic plus strength) potentiates a reduction in body fat but demonstrates no difference on the lipid profile in postmenopausal women when compared with aerobic training with a similar training load. J Strength Cond Res 30(1): 226–234, 2016—The aim of this study was to verify the effects of aerobic and combined training on the body composition and lipid profile of obese postmenopausal women and to analyze which of these models is more effective after equalizing the training load. Sixty-five postmenopausal women (age = 61.0 ± 6.3 years) were divided into 3 groups: aerobic training (AT, n = 15), combined training (CT [strength + aerobic], n = 32), and control group (CG, n = 18). Their body composition upper body fat (TF), fat mass (FM), percentage of FM, and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The lipid profile, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were assessed. There was a statistically significant difference in the TF (AT = −4.4%, CT = −4.4%, and CG = 1.0%, p = 0.001) and FFM (AT = 1.7%, CT = 2.6%, and CG = −1.4%, p = 0.0001) between the experimental and the control groups. Regarding the percentage of body fat, there was a statistically significant difference only between the CT and CG groups (AT = −2.8%, CT = −3.9%, and CG = 0.31%; p = 0.004). When training loads were equalized, the aerobic and combined training decreased core fat and increased FFM, but only the combined training potentiated a reduction in percentage of body fat in obese postmenopausal women after the training program. High-density lipoprotein-c levels increased in the combined group, and the chol/HDL ratio (atherogenic index) decreased in the aerobic group; however, there were no significant differences between the intervention programs. Taken together, both the exercise training programs were effective for improving body composition and inducing an antiatherogenic status.

Energetics of Table Tennis and Table Tennis–Specific Exercise Testing

PURPOSE To test the hypotheses that the metabolic profile of table tennis is dominantly aerobic, anaerobic energy is related to the accumulated duration and intensity of rallies, and activity and metabolic profile are interrelated with the individual fitness profile determined via table tennis-specific tests. METHODS Eleven male experienced table tennis players (22 ± 3 y, 77.6 ± 18.9 kg, 177.1 ± 8.1 cm) underwent 2 simulated table tennis matches to analyze aerobic (WOXID) energy, anaerobic glycolytic (WBLC) energy, and phosphocreatine breakdown (WPCr); a table tennis-specific graded exercise test to measure ventilatory threshold and peak oxygen uptake; and an exhaustive supramaximal table tennis effort to determine maximal accumulated deficit of oxygen. RESULTS WOXID, WBLC, and WPCr corresponded to 96.5% ± 1.7%, 1.0% ± 0.7%, and 2.5% ± 1.4%, respectively. WOXID was interrelated with rally duration (r = .81) and number of shots per rally (r = .77), whereas match intensity was correlated with WPCr (r = .62) and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (r = .58). CONCLUSIONS The metabolic profile of table tennis is predominantly aerobic and interrelated with the individual fitness profile determined via table tennis-specific tests. Table tennis-specific ventilatory threshold determines the average oxygen uptake and overall WOXID, whereas table tennis-specific maximal accumulated oxygen deficit indicates the ability to use and sustain slightly higher blood lactate concentration and WBLC during the match.

Padronização de um protocolo experimental de treinamento periodizado em natação utilizando ratos Wistar

Verificar os efeitos de 12 semanas de treinamento periodizado de natacao em ratos sobre os valores de glicogenio muscular (GM) e hepatico (GH), capacidade aerobia (LAn) e anaerobia (Tlim) e creatina quinase (CK). Foram utilizados 70 ratos da linhagem Wistar com 60 dias, adaptados individualmente ao meio liquido por duas semanas. Os animais foram divididos em grupos: controle (GC, n = 40) e periodizado (GP, n = 30); a intensidade do treinamento foi equivalente ao peso corporal do animal (% do PC). O treinamento (T) para o GP foi dividido em periodos preparatorio basico (PPB, seis semanas), especifico (PPE, 4,5 semanas) e polimento (PP, 1,5 semana), tendo como estimulos intensidades leve (4% do PC), moderada (5% do PC), pesada (6% do PC) e intensa (13% do PC). Vinte e quatro horas apos a adaptacao, 10 ratos do GC foram sacrificados e avaliados pelo teste de lactato minimo para mensuracao dos valores de linha de base de GM, GH, CK, LAn e Tlim. Os dez animais restantes do GC e GP foram sacrificados ao final de cada periodo de T. O treinamento periodizado aumentou a concentracao de glicogenio muscular ao final do periodo de polimento. O glicogenio hepatico nao se alterou no GC, porem no GP houve reducao significativa no inicio do periodo especifico com elevacao no periodo de polimento. A concentracao de CK nao se modificou ao final dos PPB, PPE e PP. O LAn reduziu ao longo do periodo experimental no GC, mas ao final do PP para o GP, o LAn atingiu os mesmos valores do inicio do treinamento. O Tlim aumentou no PP. Desse modo, pode-se concluir que o treinamento periodizado provocou supercompensacao energetica ao final da periodizacao. A capacidade anaerobia aumentou no PP bem como o LAn, que obteve maiores valores em relacao ao GC nesse periodo.

Effects of 14-Week Swimming Training Program on the Psychological, Hormonal, and Physiological Parameters of Elite Women Athletes

Santhiago, V, da Silva, ASR, Papoti, M, and Gobatto, CA. Effects of 14-week swimming training program on the psychological, hormonal, and physiological parameters of elite women athletes. J Strength Cond Res 25(3): 825-832, 2011-The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of a 14-week swimming training program on psychological, hormonal, and performance parameters of elite women swimmers. Ten Olympic and international-level elite women swimmers were evaluated 4 times along the experiment (i.e., in T1, T2, T3, and T4). On the first day at 8:00 am, before the blood collecting at rest for the determination of hormonal parameters, the athletes had their psychological parameters assessed by the profile of mood-state questionnaire. At 3:00 am, the swimmers had their anaerobic threshold assessed. On the second day at 3:00 am, the athletes had their alactic anaerobic performance measured. Vigor score and testosterone levels were lower (p ≤ 0.05) in T4 compared with T3. In addition, the rate between the peak blood lactate concentration and the median velocity obtained in the alactic anaerobic performance test increased in T4 compared with T3 (p ≤ 0.05). For practical applications, the swimming coaches should not use a tapering with the present characteristics to avoid unexpected results.

Overtraining is associated with DNA damage in blood and skeletal muscle cells of Swiss mice

BackgroundThe alkaline version of the single-cell gel (comet) assay is a useful method for quantifying DNA damage. Although some studies on chronic and acute effects of exercise on DNA damage measured by the comet assay have been performed, it is unknown if an aerobic training protocol with intensity, volume, and load clearly defined will improve performance without leading to peripheral blood cell DNA damage. In addition, the effects of overtraining on DNA damage are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of aerobic training and overtraining on DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells in Swiss mice. To examine possible changes in these parameters with oxidative stress, we measured reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in total blood, and GSH levels and lipid peroxidation in muscle samples.ResultsPerformance evaluations (i.e., incremental load and exhaustive tests) showed significant intra and inter-group differences. The overtrained (OTR) group showed a significant increase in the percentage of DNA in the tail compared with the control (C) and trained (TR) groups. GSH levels were significantly lower in the OTR group than in the C and TR groups. The OTR group had significantly higher lipid peroxidation levels compared with the C and TR groups.ConclusionsAerobic and anaerobic performance parameters can be improved in training at maximal lactate steady state during 8 weeks without leading to DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells or to oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells. However, overtraining induced by downhill running training sessions is associated with DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells, and with oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells and total blood.