Márcia Keske-Soares

A terapia em consciência fonológica no processo de alfabetização

BACKGROUND Phonological awareness and literacy. AIM to verify the influence of phonological awareness therapy in the literacy process. METHOD 46 children were submitted to an assessment involving the reading and writing of words and non-words and of phonological awareness. The experimental group was submitted to therapy. RESULTS Therapy had a positive influence in the performance of the children in the experimental group (76.47%) regarding tasks of phonological awareness and regarding their performance in reading and writing; only literate children were able to perform tasks involving phonemic awareness. CONCLUSION Phonological awareness therapy facilitates the acquisition of the alphabetic code.

Memória de trabalho, consciência fonológica e hipótese de escrita

BACKGROUND Working memory, phonological awareness and spelling hypothesis. AIM To verify the relationship between working memory, phonological awareness and spelling hypothesis in pre-school children and first graders. METHOD Participants of this study were 90 students, belonging to state schools, who presented typical linguistic development. Forty students were preschoolers, with the average age of six and 50 students were first graders, with the average age of seven. Participants were submitted to an evaluation of the working memory abilities based on the Working Memory Model (Baddeley, 2000), involving phonological loop. Phonological loop was evaluated using the Auditory Sequential Test, subtest 5 of Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA), Brazilian version (Bogossian & Santos, 1977), and the Meaningless Words Memory Test (Kessler, 1997). Phonological awareness abilities were investigated using the Phonological Awareness: Instrument of Sequential Assessment (CONFIAS - Moojen et al., 2003), involving syllabic and phonemic awareness tasks. Writing was characterized according to Ferreiro & Teberosky (1999). RESULTS Preschoolers presented the ability of repeating sequences of 4.80 digits and 4.30 syllables. Regarding phonological awareness, the performance in the syllabic level was of 19.68 and in the phonemic level was of 8.58. Most of the preschoolers demonstrated to have a pre-syllabic writing hypothesis. First graders repeated, in average, sequences of 5.06 digits and 4.56 syllables. These children presented a phonological awareness of 31.12 in the syllabic level and of 16.18 in the phonemic level, and demonstrated to have an alphabetic writing hypothesis. CONCLUSION The performance of working memory, phonological awareness and spelling level are inter-related, as well as being related to chronological age, development and scholarity.

Análise comparativa da eficiência de três diferentes modelos de terapia fonológica

BACKGROUND phonological therapy in children with phonological disorders. AIM to verify changes in the phonological system of children with phonological disorders, based on the comparison of number of acquired phonemes, number of sounds in the phonetic inventory and altered distinctive features, before and after therapy, and to verify differences between therapy models: Modified Cycles, Maximal Oppositions and ABAB--Withdrawal and Multiple Probes. METHOD the research group was composed of 21 subjects, 15 male and 6 female, with phonological disorders, who had already completed speech-language treatment. The initial and final phonological assessments were compared taking into consideration the number of phonemes in the phonological systems, the number of sounds in the phonetic inventory and the altered distinctive features. Phonological changes that resulted from the application of the three therapeutic models were also compared. RESULTS statistically significant differences were observed between the initial and final assessments in all of the three therapeutic models considering the number of acquired phonemes and the altered distinctive features, whereas in the phonetic inventory a statistically significant difference was observed only between the ABAB--Withdrawal and Multiple Probes and the Maximal Oppositions model. No statistical difference was observed between the therapy models. CONCLUSION the three therapy models were effective in the treatment of children with phonological disorders, once all of the children presented improvement of their phonological system, phonetic inventory and altered distinctive features. No significant statistical difference was found between the models

Eficácia da terapia para desvios fonológicos com diferentes modelos terapêuticos

BACKGROUND phonological therapy. AIM to evaluate the effectiveness of three different therapy models regarding changes in the phonological system of subjects with different phonological disorder (PD) severity levels. METHOD the research group was composed by 66 subjects, 43 males and 23 females, with ages between 4:4 and 8:2 years, who were part of a school clinic database. All subjects were evaluated, before and after a period of 15 to 25 sessions of phonological therapy, using the Childs Phonological Assessment. Based on this assessment, the severity level of the PD was determined using the Percentage Consonants Correct - PCC, and by calculating the number of Non-Acquired Segments -NAS and the percentage of Acquired Segments (AS) after treatment. The subjects were treated using the following approaches: ABAB-Withdrawal and Multiple Probes, Modified Maximum Opposition and Modified Cycles Models. For the statistical analysis the T-Test was used with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS the statistical analysis indicated an increase in the PCC and in the percentage of AS, as well as a reduction in the number of NAS for all groups. These results were statistically significant for the majority of the groups. CONCLUSION the results indicate that the three therapy approaches were effective in the treatment of children with PD, and were effective in treating different severity levels. Besides that, most of the changes occurred in the phonological system of the groups with more severe PD.

Habilidades de memória de trabalho e o grau de severidade do desvio fonológico

BACKGROUND Working memory. AIM To verify the performance of working memory abilities and their relation with the severity of phonological disorders. METHOD 45 children, with ages between 5.0 and 7.11 years, with evolutional phonological disorders (EFD), 17 female and 18 male, were evaluated. All subjects were assessed using the Child Phonological Evaluation proposed by Yavas et al. (1991). The severity of the disorder was determined by the Percentage of Correct Consonants (PCC) proposed by Shriberg and Kwiatkowski (1982), classifying the phonological disorder as severe, moderate-severe, average-moderate and average. After that, subtest 5 of the Psycholinguistic Abilities Test (ITPA--Bogossian & Santos, 1977) and the non-word repetition test (Kessler, 1997) were applied. RESULTS After analyzing the data according the statistical tests of Kruskal Wallis and Duncan, it was verified that the performance of moderate-severe and severe individuals in the non-word repetition test was inferior to that of average-moderate and average individuals. However, performance results in the digit repetition test did not present a positive correlation with severity. CONCLUSION The performance of phonological memory has a relation with the severity of phonological disorders. This allows us to accept the idea that the phonologic memory is related to speech production. Regarding the central executor, the results indicate that the performance in digit repetition, used to assess the central executor, did not present a correlation with the severity of the disorder. This can be justified by the fact that the central executor is more directly related to vocabulary acquisition and is responsible for processing and storing information.

Estudo sobre os ambientes favoráveis à produção da líquida não-lateral /r/ no tratamento do desvio fonológico

Os ambientes favoraveis sao contextos facilitadores para a aquisicao do segmento tratado. Eles podem ser analisados sob os seguintes aspectos: tonicidade, contexto antecedente e vogal seguinte. O objetivo deste relato de caso foi analisar a influencia das variaveis linguisticas (ambiente favoravel) no tratamento de um sujeito com desvio fonologico evolutivo. Participou do estudo um sujeito com desvio fonologico, com idade de 6:8 no inicio do tratamento, do sexo masculino, tratado pelo Modelo ABAB-Retirada e Provas Multiplas. Foram analisados os dados de fala pre e pos-tratamento e as Provas Alvo Basicas do primeiro ciclo de tratamento. Nas palavras-alvo selecionadas para terapia, foram analisadas as aquisicoes quanto ao alvo de tratamento, a liquida nao-lateral /r/, e os ambientes favoraveis a aquisicao no que se refere a tonicidade e aos contextos (antecedente e seguinte). Observou-se que o /r/, nas palavras-alvo selecionadas, nao era encontrado em ambientes mais favoraveis; em geral, encontrava-se em ambiente neutro ou menos favorecedor. No entanto, verificou-se generalizacao no que se refere a aquisicao da liquida nao-lateral /r/ em Onset Medial, e a producao do fonema nas palavras-alvo selecionadas foi efetiva, destacando-se as producoes das palavras [ba´rata], [ko´ruZa] e [mo´ragu], que apresentaram maior numero de ocorrencias.

Terapia fonológica: a generalização dentro de uma classe de sons e para outras classes de sons

PURPOSE: to compare the generalization inside of a sound class and for other sound classes in the treatment of subjects with different severity levels of phonological disorders submitted to the Modified Cycles Model, ABAB-Withdrawal and Multiple Probes and Maximum Opposition Model. METHODS: 21 children with phonological disorder, 11 males and 10 females, with average age 5:7, were their speech data analyzed through the phonological assessment. From the contrastive analysis we calculated the Percentage of Correct Consonants (Shriberg & Kwiatkowski, 1982) and the subjects were classified in the different severity levels of phonological disorders: severe, moderate-severe, mild-moderate and mild. Six subjects were submitted to the treatment with Modified Cycles Model, eight to the ABAB-Withdrawal and Multiple Probes Model, and seven to the Modified Maximum Opposition Model. After this was compared the generalization inside of a sound class and for other sound classes among three therapy models for each severity level of phonological disorder. RESULTS: the generalization inside a sound class occurred in all studied models. ABAB-Withdrawal and Multiple Probes Model were effective for all severity groups and the Modified Maximum Opposition were more effective for the severe and moderate-severe groups. In the generalization for other sound classes, the subjects treated with ABAB-Withdrawal and Multiple Probes Model showed a major generalization in different severity levels of phonological disorder. CONCLUSION: all the subjects showed evolution in all kinds of generalization studied in three different therapeutic models.

Terapia fonológica: a generalização a itens não utilizados no tratamento (outras palavras)

PURPOSE: to check the generalization to non used items during treatment (other words) obtained in the three different models of therapy in subjects with different degrees of phonological disorder severity. METHODS: the studied group was composed by twenty-one subjects, eleven males and ten females, with average age when of the beginning of treatment 5:7. Speech data were analyzed through the performance of the phonological assessment. After the phonological assessment, the percentage of correct consonants proposed by Shriberg & Kwiatkowski (1982) was calculated and the subjects were then classified in the degrees of phonological disorder severity: severe, moderate-severe, mild-moderate and mild disorder. Six subjects were submitted to the Modified Cycles Model, eight to the ABAB-Withdrawal and Multiple Probes Model and seven to the Modified Maximum Opposition Model. A comparison was made on the generalization to non used items during treatment (other words) among three models of therapy within each degree of phonological disorder severity. RESULTS: Among the subjects with severe, moderate-severe and mild disorder, three subjects that presented the major generalization to non used items during treatment, all treated with ABAB-Withdrawal and Multiple Probes Model. Of the subjects with mild-moderate disorder, were treated with the Modified Maximum Opposition Model those that showed the major generalization. CONCLUSION: all the subjects showed gains in the phonological system and as for the generalization to non used items during treatment (other words), but ABAB-Withdrawal and Multiple Probes and Modified Maximum Opposition Models were more effective.

Terapia fonológica considerando as variáveis linguísticas

The aim of this study was to analyze the acquisition of the non-lateral liquid /r/ in two children with phonological disorders, taking into consideration the words hierarchy proposed in a previous study, as well as the generalization obtained. The facilitating linguistic variables for the acquisition of the target sound /r/ in medial onset were considered to the selection of target words, based on syllable tonicity and the preceding and following environments to the non-lateral liquid. It was observed a better development in subject 1, who was treated with words belonging to the more favorable context, as compared to the subject 2, who was treated with the less favorable contexts. The choice of target words for therapy based on facilitating linguistic variables proved to be important to acquisition of /r/ as well as for the occurrence of generalizations.

Generalização baseada nas relações implicacionais obtida pelo modelo "ABAB-Retirada e Provas Múltiplas"

ABStRACt Purpose: To analyze the generalization based on the implicational relationships obtained by the “ABAB Withdrawal and Multiple Probes Model” in children with different severity degrees of phonological deviation. Methods: Speech data analysis of eight subjects with phonological deviations. Evaluations of receptive and expressive language, oral sensory-motor oral system, psychomotricity, hea-ring discrimination and phonology were carried out, in addition to audiological, otorhinolaryngological and neurological evaluations. Next, the severity degree of the phonological deviation was determined, and the treatment was initiated, using the “ABAB Withdrawal and Multiple Probes Model”. Results: Generalizations based on implicational relationships were observed. Conclusions: The “ABAB Withdrawal and Multiple Probes Model” was effective in the treatment of subjects with phonological deviation. The generalization based on implicational relationships coincided, partly, with the Implicational Model of Features Complexity.