Carolina Lisbôa Mezzomo

Estimulação em consciência fonêmica e seus efeitos em relação à variável sexo

BACKGROUND Phonemic awareness stimulation and the comparison of its effects between genders. AIM To determine the possible gain in performance in tasks involving phonemic awareness skills in boys and girls, following the development of a program to stimulate phonemic awareness. METHOD Participants were 18 boys and 18 girls, all with typical language development, in their second grade of Elementary Education. The study involved three steps. The first and third steps consisted of an auditory screening, speech and language assessments and the assessment of phonemic awareness skills, through the Phonological Awareness Tasks Protocol. The second step involved the planning of the phonological awareness stimulation program and its application in the classroom. RESULTS Boys and girls presented an improvement in their performance in all of the phonological awareness tasks after the application of the stimulation program; this improvement was statistically significant. Regarding the influence of gender, it was observed that prior to the application of the stimulation program, there was a significant difference between boys and girls in the task involving the detection of a phoneme in the last position. After stimulation, this difference remained significant in the same task, and was also statistically significant for the tasks of phonemic segmentation of words with six phonemes and phoneme reversion of words with two or three phonemes. CONCLUSION It is observed that girls performed better in the majority of the phonemic awareness tasks, and that the program was effective in stimulating these tasks.

O papel das variáveis extralinguísticas idade e sexo no desenvolvimento da coda silábica

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of extralinguistic factors in the acquisition process of the post-vocalic segments /N, L, S, R/. METHODS: The research involved 170 subjects with ages between 1:2 and 3:10 years, within normal phonological development, monolingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. The data collected from these subjects were 3026 lexical items originated from AQUIFONO and INIFONO databanks. The roles of extralinguistic and linguistic variables in coda acquisition were investigated, however, in this article, only the results of the variables age and sex were explored. Statistical analysis used the VARBRUL package. RESULTS: Both extralinguistic factors analyzed were relevant to the process of normal phonological acquisition. Age played a statistically favorable role in the acquisition process of all phonemes in both coda positions. There was an increase in the correct production of phonemes with age, however this growth was not linear. The first productions of the rhyme VC with /L/ in final coda occurred at 1:2, while the complete mastery of all four segments licensed in coda position was gradual, and was attained in stages extended until 3:8. Among the variables considered, sex was the second most selected by the statistical program, showing significant statistical differences for the variable sex in the acquisition of codas with medial /N/, /L/ e /S/ and the final coda with /L/. CONCLUSION: It was found a higher probability of correct use of the coda as age increased, but regressions in its use were observed, which should be seen as a normal stage of the development. Regarding sex, there was a tendency for male subjects to present higher phonological precision, however, this does not mean they present different acquisition stages when compared with female subjects.

Fatores relevantes para aquisição da coda lexical e morfológica no português brasileiro

OBJETIVO: analisar as variaveis relevantes na aquisicao das codas, morfologica (ex. cadeiras) e lexical (ex. lapis), quando preenchidas pela fricativa /S/ em final de palavra. METODOS: verificaram-se os dados de fala de 15 criancas, 10 meninas e 5 meninos, entre 1:7 e 3:7, falantes monolingues do portugues brasileiro, gravados quinzenalmente por um periodo de um ano. Os dados de fala foram obtidos por meio de atividades ludicas, transcritos e revistos. Estes foram submetidos a analise estatistica atraves do uso do Pacote Computacional VARBRUL. RESULTADOS: o programa selecionou, para ambas as codas as variaveis, classe gramatical e sexo, como relevantes a producao correta. Dentre as classes gramaticais, pronomes e adverbios, foram apontados como favorecedores a producao correta para os dois tipos de coda. Somado a essas, o programa selecionou tambem para coda lexical a classe dos substantivos, e para coda morfologica a classe dos numerais. As variaveis, tonicidade e contexto precedente mostraram-se favorecedoras da producao das codas lexicais, com maior probabilidade de realizacao correta quando ha uma silaba tonica e o contexto precedente for composto por vogal dorsal. A idade foi considerada uma variavel favorecedora na producao da coda morfologica, com resultado estaticamente significante nas criancas mais velhas. CONCLUSAO: observou-se que a classe gramatical e o sexo sao importantes no dominio de ambos os tipos de coda, no entanto, o processo de dominio de /S/ nos dois casos mostrou variaveis distintas, podendo-se inferir que a crianca as trata de maneira singular no seu processo de aquisicao.

A consciência fonológica e a consciência do próprio desvio de fala nas diferentes gravidades do desvio fonológico

PURPOSE: to examine the relation between abilities in phonological awareness and awareness of the own speech impairment with different severity levels of phonological disorders. METHODS: 14 children took part in this study, aged between 5:0 and 6:11, showing phonological disorder diagnosis. Phonological disorders were classified in two perspectives: quantitative and qualitative. According to the quantitative approach, the groups were classified in Medium, Medium-Moderate and Moderate-Severe deviation. According to the qualitative approach there were the group with Delayed characteristics and the group with Initial characteristics. In order to collect the data, the Test of Phonological Awareness and the assessment of the awareness regarding their own speech impairment were adopted. Data were analyzed based on Kruskal-Wallis statistic test. RESULTS: statistically significant differences were observed in the tasks of nominal realism and syllable detection among the groups classified according to the qualitative approach. For the groups classified according to the quantitative approach, there was not statistically significant difference in the Test of Phonological Awareness. However, considering the assessment, the awareness of their own speech impairment, just these last groups presented statistically significant differences among themselves. CONCLUSION: a possible relation was identified between the performance in the phonological awareness tasks and the different severity levels of phonological disorder, mainly in a qualitative approach. The awareness of their own speech impairment also seems to be influenced by the different severity levels of phonological disorder, mainly in a quantitative approach.

Vocabulário expressivo de crianças com desenvolvimento fonológico normal e desviante

TEMA: vocabulario expressivo de criancas com desenvolvimento fonologico normal e desviante. OBJETIVO: verificar se as alteracoes das criancas com desvio fonologico ocorrem apenas no nivel fonologico ou se ha algum impacto na aquisicao lexical e comparar o desempenho em vocabulario das criancas desta amostra com os valores de Referencia de Normalidade do teste utilizado. METODO: a amostra foi composta por 36 criancas de ambos os sexos, sendo 14 com desvio fonologico (Grupo Estudo) e 22 com desenvolvimento normal de linguagem (Grupo Controle). Foi aplicado o teste ABFW - Vocabulario (Befi-Lopes, 2000) para avaliar o vocabulario expressivo destas criancas e, apos, foi comparado o desempenho dos dois grupos. RESULTADOS: o desempenho em vocabulario expressivo das criancas com desvio fonologico e semelhante ao das criancas com desenvolvimento fonologico normal. Grande parte das criancas desta amostra atingiu os valores de referencia propostos pelo teste na maioria dos campos conceituais, e o que mais se mostrou complexo para as criancas dos dois grupos foi o Locais. CONCLUSAO: a alteracao das criancas com desvio fonologico e realmente apenas a nivel fonologico, sem impacto no aspecto lexical da linguagem.

Desvio fonológico: aspectos sobre produção, percepção e escrita

PURPOSE: To verify the relationship between the use of the compensatory lengthening strategy and the awareness of their own speech impairment, as well as between the latest and different writing hypotheses. METHODS: The sample was composed by children with ages between five years, zero months and 26 days and six years, 11 days and 26 days, diagnosed with phonological disorder. The Awareness of Their Own Speech Impairment Test and the Writing Hypotheses Evaluation were carried out. The compensatory lengthening strategy was identified using acoustic spectrography, and subjects were divided into two groups: one that uses the compensatory lengthening strategy, and another one that does not use this strategy. It was analyzed the relation between the use of the compensatory lengthening strategy and the awareness of their own speech impairment, both individually and between the groups. The sample was also divided according to the writing hypotheses into a group with pre-syllabic and a group with syllabic writing hypothesis. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The results showed that the group that did not use the compensatory lengthening strategy had higher awareness of their own speech impairment than the group that used the compensatory lengthening strategy. The group with syllabic writing hypothesis achieved higher average than the group with pre-syllabic writing hypothesis regarding awareness of their own speech impairment. CONCLUSION: Children can either use the compensatory lengthening strategy and not be aware of their own Speech Impairment, or be aware and not use the strategy. It was observed a possible relationship between awareness of their own speech impairment and writing hypothesis.

Processamento auditivo e consciência fonológica em crianças com aquisição de fala normal e desviante

BACKGROUND Auditory processing (AP) and phonological awareness (PA) in children with and without phonological disorders. AIM To compare the performance of children with and without phonological disorders in a PA test; to verify the possible relationship between performances in distinct tasks of this test with the performance in the AP evaluation. METHOD Participants were 44 children with and without the diagnosis of phonological disorder, aged between 5:0 and 7:0 years, of both genders. After speech samples were gathered, subjects were divided into two groups: a study group (SG), composed by children with phonological disorders, and a control group (CG) with children without phonological disorders. PA was assessed through the Protocol Task Awareness Test (PTAT), and through the simplified AP evaluation (screening)--Disyllabic change--Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW), dichotic listening test and the binaural fusion test. RESULTS In both PA and AP assessments, children of the CG obtained better results. When correlating the results of AP and PA, a greater number of correlations were observed for the SG. CONCLUSION A significant relationship between the performance in the AP evaluation and success in PA tasks exists for children with phonological disorders.

Habilidades em consciência silábica e fonêmica de crianças com fala desviante com e sem intervenção fonoaudiológica

PURPOSE: To compare the performances of children with evolutive phonological disorder (EPD) that had phonologically-focused speech therapy and children with EPD who did not undergo therapy in phonological awareness (PA) abilities. METHODS: Twenty three subjects with EPD diagnosis were evaluated. The 14 children that composed Study Group 1 (SG1) received speech therapy, while the other nine who were part of Study Group 2 (SG2) had not yet received speech therapy. All subjects underwent speech and language pathology evaluation and PA assessment. RESULTS: From the 26 sub-tasks of PA applied, only one showed statistically significant difference, confirming worse performance of the SG2 (p<0.05). However, analysis of the means showed that SG1 tended to present a better performance overall than SG2. Despite these results, even subjects who received speech therapy intervention presented low performances on the tasks. CONCLUSION: Statistically significant difference was observed only in the sub-test T7-two syllables (syllabic reversion) among children with EPD who received speech intervention and children with EPD without speech therapy. However, the group who did attend speech therapy showed a tendency to achieve better performance in the PA tasks.Purpose: To compare the performances of children with evolutive phonological disorder (EPD) that had phonologically-focused speech therapy and children with EPD who did not undergo therapy in phonological awareness (PA) abilities. Methods: Twenty three subjects with EPD diagnosis were evaluated. The 14 children that composed Study Group 1 (SG1) received speech therapy, while the other nine who were part of Study Group 2 (SG2) had not yet received speech therapy. All subjects underwent speech and language pathology evaluation and PA assessment. Results: From the 26 sub-tasks of PA applied, only one showed statistically significant difference, confirming worse performance of the SG2 (p<0.05). However, analysis of the means showed that SG1 tended to present a better performance overall than SG2. Despite these results, even subjects who received speech therapy intervention presented low performances on the tasks. Conclusion: Statistically significant difference was observed only in the sub-test T7-two syllables (syllabic reversion) among children with EPD who received speech intervention and children with EPD without speech therapy. However, the group who did attend speech therapy showed a tendency to achieve better performance in the PA tasks.

Aquisição da coda: um estudo comparativo entre dados transversais e longitudinais

ABSTRACT Purpose: To identify the acquisition profiles of the archiphonemes /N, L, S, R/ in medial and final coda position in Brazilian Portugue-se in transversal and longitudinal studies. Methods: Speech samples of 170 children with ages between one year and two months and three years and eight months (transversal study), as well as speech samples of a child, G., monitored from one year, one month and twenty two days to three years, four months and twenty seven days (longitudinal study), were collected and phonologically analyzed. Results: In the transversal profile, data showed the early emergence of the blocked syllable (at one year and two months), and com-pletion of the acquisition at three years and eight months. The phonemes in final coda tended to emerge before the ones in medial coda, with rare exceptions. The /L/ and the /N/ archiphonemes were the first to emerge in this position. After that, it was observed the /L/ acquisition, and, finally, the /R/ acquisition. In the longitudinal study, the coda also emerged early, coincidentally when the child was one year and two months old; however, it was acquired six months before what it was observed in the transversal data, at three years and eight months. The emerging syllable contained the /N/ rather than the /L/, as observed in the transversal data. The /L/ was the second phoneme in coda, while the /S/ was still earlier than the /R/, and these two phonemes were the last segments to emerge as a syllabic block. In all cases, the phonemes in final coda emerged before those in medial coda, similarly to the transversal results.

As implicações da classe II de angle e da desproporção esquelética tipo classe II no aspecto miofuncional

TEMA: esse trabalho foi baseado na tematica de que existe uma associacao entre as mas oclusoes devido a alteracoes do crescimento craniofacial, e, por conseguinte, a existencia de alteracoes miofuncionais. OBJETIVOS: estudar a associacao entre as mas oclusoes tipo classe II desencadeadas por alteracoes do crescimento craniofacial e as disfuncoes do sistema estomatognatico (alteracoes miofuncionais: fala, mastigacao, degluticao e fonacao). CONCLUSAO: pode-se concluir que alteracoes estruturais da face podem ter influencia na funcionalidade das mesmas, portanto, enfatiza-se a importância do trabalho multidisciplinar entre os profissionais envolvidos em cada uma dessas aereas para que o prognostico desses casos seja pertinente de relevantes melhoras.