Maria Amélia Zanon Ponce

Retardo no diagnóstico da tuberculose em município da tríplice fronteira Brasil, Paraguai e Argentina

OBJETIVO: Identificar os aspectos relacionados aos doentes e aos servicos de saude no retardo do diagnostico da tuberculose. METODOS: Estudo epidemiologico em Foz do Iguacu, Parana, Brasil, realizado em 2009. Utilizou-se o instrumento The Primary Care Assessment Tool adaptado para a avaliacao da atencao a tuberculose. Empregaram-se tambem tecnicas de estatistica descritiva, como analise de frequencia, medidas de posicao (mediana e intervalos interquartis) e odds. RESULTADOS: Houve retardo na busca por servicos de saude entre aqueles na faixa etaria > 60 anos, sexo feminino, baixa escolaridade e conhecimento precario sobre a doenca. As variaveis clinicas caso novo e infeccao por HIV e as variaveis comportamentais uso de cigarros e bebidas alcoolicas nao estiveram relacionadas ao retardo no diagnostico. O tempo para o diagnostico atribuido ao doente e ao servico de saude foi de 30 e 10 dias (mediana), respectivamente. O Pronto Atendimento 24 Horas e a Atencao Primaria a Saude nao foram efetivos para a suspeicao de tuberculose e solicitacao de exames de apoio diagnostico, com alto percentual de encaminhamento para o ambulatorio do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose. CONCLUSOES: A procura pela Atencao Primaria a Saude para o diagnostico resultou em maior tempo ate a descoberta da doenca. O ambulatorio do Programa de Controle da Tubercu lose apresentou desempenho mais efetivo para o diagnostico da tuberculose devido ao preparo da equipe e ao acolhimento ordenado com oferta de exames de apoio diagnostico.

Análise espacial da co-infecção tuberculose/HIV: relação com níveis socioeconômicos em município do sudeste do Brasil

INTRODUCTION Spatial analysis of the distribution of tuberculosis/HIV coinfection was performed and associated with socioeconomic indicators in São José do Rio Preto, from 1998 to 2006. METHODS New TB/HIV coinfection cases were georeferenced and incidence coefficients were calculated for spatial units. Morans index was used to evaluate spatial associations of incidences. Multiple regressions selected variables that could best explain the spatial association of incidences. The local indicator of spatial association was used to identify significant spatial groupings. RESULTS Morans index was 0.0635 (p=0.0000) indicating that the incidence association occurred. The variable that best explained the spatial association of incidence was the percentage of heads of families with up to three years of education. The LISA cluster map for TB/HIV coinfection incidence coefficients showed groups with high incidence rates in the North and low incidence in the South and West regions of the municipality. CONCLUSIONS The study elucidated the spatial geographic distribution of TB/HIV coinfection and determined its association with socioeconomic variables, thus providing data for oriented planning, prioritizing socially disadvantaged regions that present a higher incidence of the disease.

Atraso na busca por serviço de saúde para o diagnóstico da tuberculose em Ribeirão Preto (SP)

The scope of this paper is to analyze delays in locating health services for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in Ribeirao Preto in 2009. An epidemiological and cross-sectional study was conducted with 94 TB patients undergoing treatment. A structured questionnaire, based on the Primary Care Assessment Tool adapted for TB care was used. A median (15 days or more) was established to characterize delay in health attendance. Using the Prevalence Ratio, the variables associated with longer delay were identified. The first healthcare services sought were the Emergency Services (ES) (57.5%). The longest period between seeking assistance occurred among males, aged between 50 and 59, who earned less than five minimum wages, had pulmonary TB, were new cases, were not co-infected with TB/HIV, did not consume alcohol, had satisfactory knowledge about TB before diagnosis (with a statistically significant association with delay) and who did not seek healthcare close to home before developing TB. There is a perceived need for training healthcare professionals about the signs and symptoms of the disease, reducing barriers of access to timely diagnosis of TB and widely disseminating it to the community in general.

A GERÊNCIA DAS AÇÕES DE CONTROLE DA TUBERCULOSE EM MUNICÍPIOS PRIORITÁRIOS DO INTERIOR PAULISTA

The aim of this study was to analyze tuberculosis control action management in counties in the interior of the Brazilian state of Sao Paulo. Data was collected in June of 2005 through semi-structured interviews with coordinators of Tuberculosis Control Program of seven priority municipalities, and subjected to thematic content analysis. The statements taken pointed out criticisms regarding raising and maintaining financial incentives to support human resources and means of transportation; inadequate and unprepared human resources; unfamiliarity concerning the destination of budget appropriations for Tuberculosis Control and a lack of autonomy in managing such resources; communication and interaction difficulties involving the project managers; a lack of policies prioritizing the disease in the political agenda; prioritization of appeals with political repercussions; and the need for partnerships. We conclude that the Project Coordinators work under pressure, occupying a double transmission position both on a hierarchical level and in environmental relationships, not always disposing of adequate and sufficient resources. DESCRIPTORS: Tuberculosis. Health Services Administration. Primary health care.The aim of this study was to analyze tuberculosis control action management in counties in the interior of the Brazilian state of Sao Paulo. Data was collected in June of 2005 through semi-structured interviews with coordinators of Tuberculosis Control Program of seven priority municipalities, and subjected to thematic content analysis. The statements taken pointed out criticisms regarding raising and maintaining financial incentives to support human resources and means of transportation; inadequate and unprepared human resources; unfamiliarity concerning the destination of budget appropriations for Tuberculosis Control and a lack of autonomy in managing such resources; communication and interaction difficulties involving the project managers; a lack of policies prioritizing the disease in the political agenda; prioritization of appeals with political repercussions; and the need for partnerships. We conclude that the Project Coordinators work under pressure, occupying a double transmission position both on a hierarchical level and in environmental relationships, not always disposing of adequate and sufficient resources. DESCRIPTORS: Tuberculosis. Health Services Administration. Primary health care. GESTION DE PROGRAMAS DE CONTROL DE LA TUBERCULOSIS EN MUNICIPIOS DEL INTERIOR DEL ESTADO DE SAO PAULO RESUMEN: La investigacion tuvo como objetivo analizar la gestion de programas de control de la tuberculosis en municipios del interior del Estado de Sao Paulo. La recoleccion de datos se realizo en junio de 2005, a traves de entrevistas semiestructuradas con los coordinadores del Programa de Control de la Tuberculosis de los siete municipios prioritarios. Para el analisis de los datos se empleo el Analisis de Contenido Tematico. Las encuestas senalaron nudos criticos en la captacion y manutencion de presupuestos para recursos humanos y vehiculos; recursos humanos insuficientes y sin preparo; desconocimiento del destino de los presupuestos asignados al combate a la tuberculosis y falta de autonomia en la gestion de dichos recursos; dificultades de comunicacion e integracion con gestores; falta de priorizacion de la enfermedad en la agenda politica; priorizacion de otras enfermedades con repercusion politica mas visible y necesidad de coparticipacion. Se concluye que los coordinadores trabajan bajo presion; ocupan doble posicion de transmision, tanto en el plan jerarquico como en las relaciones con el ambiente y ni siempre disponen de recursos adecuados y suficientes. DESCRIPTORES: Tuberculosis. Gestion de servicios de sanidad. Atencion primaria de salud.

The epidemiological dimension of TB/HIV co-infection

This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological indicators of TB/HIV co-infection in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil from 1998 to 2006. Data of new TB cases that initiated treatment between January 1998 and December 2006 were obtained from the TB Notification System (EPI-TB) and 306 cases were reported. The incidence rate was 5.1/100,000 inhabitants in 2006. Most cases were men (72.5%) with ages ranging between 20 and 59 years (96.4 %). The majority (51%) had incomplete primary education. Pulmonary TB was the most common type (52.9%) and 46.1% of the patients received supervised treatment. In 2006, the cure rate was 33.3%, 14.3% death rate and no patient abandoned the treatment. Diagnosis occurred at the hospital in 60% of the cases. Results show the need of improved coordination between the citys Tuberculosis Control Program and the Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV Program.El objetivo fue analizar los indicadores epidemiologicos de la coinfeccion tuberculosis y virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (TB/VIH) en el municipio de Sao Jose del Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brasil, en el periodo de 1.998 a 2.006. Los datos de los casos nuevos de TB, que iniciaron el tratamiento entre enero de 1.998 y diciembre de 2.006, fueron recolectados del Sistema de Notificacion de la TB (EPI-TB). Fueron notificados 306 casos. El coeficiente de incidencia fue de 5,1/100.000 hab, en 2006. Hubo predominio de personas del sexo masculino (72,5%), en el intervalo de edad de 20 a 59 anos (96,4%). La mayoria (51%) no poseia la ensenanza fundamental completa. La forma clinica pulmonar fue relevante (52,9%) y recibieron tratamiento supervisado 46,1% enfermos. En 2.006, la tasa de cura fue de 33,3%, de muertes 14,3%, y no hubo ningun caso de abandono. Entre los casos, 60% fueron diagnosticados en el hospital. Los datos reflejan la necesidad de tener una mayor articulacion entre el Programa Municipal de Control de la Tuberculosis y el Programa Municipal de DST/SIDA.

A dimensão epidemiológica da coinfecção TB/HIV

This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological indicators of TB/HIV co-infection in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil from 1998 to 2006. Data of new TB cases that initiated treatment between January 1998 and December 2006 were obtained from the TB Notification System (EPI-TB) and 306 cases were reported. The incidence rate was 5.1/100,000 inhabitants in 2006. Most cases were men (72.5%) with ages ranging between 20 and 59 years (96.4 %). The majority (51%) had incomplete primary education. Pulmonary TB was the most common type (52.9%) and 46.1% of the patients received supervised treatment. In 2006, the cure rate was 33.3%, 14.3% death rate and no patient abandoned the treatment. Diagnosis occurred at the hospital in 60% of the cases. Results show the need of improved coordination between the citys Tuberculosis Control Program and the Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV Program.El objetivo fue analizar los indicadores epidemiologicos de la coinfeccion tuberculosis y virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (TB/VIH) en el municipio de Sao Jose del Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brasil, en el periodo de 1.998 a 2.006. Los datos de los casos nuevos de TB, que iniciaron el tratamiento entre enero de 1.998 y diciembre de 2.006, fueron recolectados del Sistema de Notificacion de la TB (EPI-TB). Fueron notificados 306 casos. El coeficiente de incidencia fue de 5,1/100.000 hab, en 2006. Hubo predominio de personas del sexo masculino (72,5%), en el intervalo de edad de 20 a 59 anos (96,4%). La mayoria (51%) no poseia la ensenanza fundamental completa. La forma clinica pulmonar fue relevante (52,9%) y recibieron tratamiento supervisado 46,1% enfermos. En 2.006, la tasa de cura fue de 33,3%, de muertes 14,3%, y no hubo ningun caso de abandono. Entre los casos, 60% fueron diagnosticados en el hospital. Los datos reflejan la necesidad de tener una mayor articulacion entre el Programa Municipal de Control de la Tuberculosis y el Programa Municipal de DST/SIDA.

Diagnóstico da tuberculose: desempenho do primeiro serviço de saúde procurado em São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil

Estudo transversal com objetivo de analisar o desempenho do primeiro servico de saude procurado para o diagnostico da TB pulmonar em Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brasil, em 2009. Foram entrevistados 81 doentes em tratamento. Adotou-se um questionario baseado no Primary Care Assessment Tool, adaptado para atencao a TB, e o referencial de avaliacao dos servicos de saude (estrutura e processo). Os dados foram analisados mediante tecnicas descritivas e analise de correspondencia multipla. O principal servico procurado foi o Pronto Atendimento (UPA) (49,4%) e o que mais diagnosticou os casos de TB foi o hospital (39,5%) e a atencao basica (30,9%). Os servicos especializados apresentaram associacao com o melhor desempenho no diagnostico e a UPA com o pior. A atencao basica associou-se com desempenho intermediario e fragilidades na estrutura. O alcance de uma deteccao eficaz dos casos de TB nas principais portas de entrada perpassa pela melhoria na suspeicao, reforcando a necessidade de investimentos da gestao na capacitacao dos recursos humanos para a identificacao dos sintomaticos respiratorios.

O vínculo na atenção à saúde: revisão sistematizada na literatura, Brasil (1998-2007)

Objective: To review the Brazilian scientific literature on bond in health care. Methods: The review was limited to the period from 1998 to 2007. A literature search was conducted in the LILACS and SciELO databases using the following key words: primary health care, acceptance, tuberculosis (indexed), bond, adhesion, health, basic care, continuity, and abandon (not indexed). Initially 50 publications were selected and categorized. Results: The findings suggest a greater interest on the topic after 2004. There was a predominance of publications on primary health care in journals that value community health. Conclusions: Bond was found to be an important factor in primary health care and led to better understanding of the real problems of the population receiving care in those services. In addition, bond facilitated the interactions between clients and health care professionals.

Early diagnosis of tuberculosis in the health services in different regions of Brazil

13 Objetivo: analisar o primeiro contato do doente com os servicos de saude para o diagnostico oportuno da tuberculose (TB), em diferentes regioes do Brasil. Metodo: trata-se de estudo de coorte transversal, em 6 municipios das Regioes Sudeste, Sul e Nordeste. Para a coleta utilizaram-se fontes secundarias e entrevista com os doentes. Os dados foram analisados por meio de tecnicas descritivas e analise fatorial de correspondencia multipla. Resultados: a Atencao Primaria a Saude apresentou maior tempo e menor proporcao de diagnosticos. Os servicos associados ao diagnostico, na primeira consulta, foram os servicos especializados e os Programas de Controle da TB, que oferecem consulta e exames no proprio local. Conclusao: faz-se necessaria a organizacao do trabalho de forma integrada, entre as equipes dos diferentes servicos, para as acoes de controle da TB. Na Atencao Primaria a Saude, e preciso ainda observar o grau de incorporacao e sustentabilidade na execucao dessas acoes a pratica diaria dos servicos.

Tuberculosis diagnosis and performance assessment of the first health service used by patients in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil

This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the first health service to which patients turned for tuberculosis diagnosis in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, 2009. Eighty-one patients in treatment were interviewed with a questionnaire based on the Primary Care Assessment Tool adapted to TB care and used as a reference for health services performance (structure and process). Data analysis used descriptive and multiple correspondence techniques. Nearly half of the patients initially came to emergency care departments (49.4%), and most TB diagnoses were made in hospitals (39.5%) and primary care services (30.9%). Specialized services were associated with the best diagnostic performance, as opposed to emergency departments, with the worst performance. Primary care services were associated with intermediate performance and weaknesses in infrastructure. The reach of effective detection of TB cases in the portals of entry into the health system involves enhanced diagnostic suspicion, thus emphasizing the need for investments in the management of human resources training for the identification of individuals with respiratory symptoms.