Maria De La Ó Ramallo Veríssimo

O processo de comunicação na promoção do aleitamento materno

La lactancia materna es un comportamiento humano complejo que contribuye con la reduccion de la mortalidad y morbilidad infantil. Las investigaciones desarrolladas acerca de la experiencia vivida por las madres demuestran que amamantar, muchas veces, es una actividad dolorosa, sea psiquica o fisicamente. El personal de salud necesita estar capacitado para relacionarse con las madres y esto incluye tener habilidades de comunicacion. Las autoras presentan el proceso de comunicacion cuyo eje de abordaje este centrado en la persona. La utilizacion de esta comunicacion constituye un cuidado efectivo hacia la mujer.La lactancia materna es un comportamiento humano complejo que contribuye con la reduccion de la mortalidad y morbilidad infantil. Las investigaciones desarrolladas acerca de la experiencia vivida por las madres demuestran que amamantar, muchas veces, es una actividad dolorosa, sea psiquica o fisicamente. El personal de salud necesita estar capacitado para relacionarse con las madres y esto incluye tener habilidades de comunicacion. Las autoras presentan el proceso de comunicacion cuyo eje de abordaje este centrado en la persona. La utilizacion de esta comunicacion constituye un cuidado efectivo hacia la mujer.

O cuidado da criança segundo trabalhadoras de creches

Esta investigacao objetivou apreender e analisar as representacoes de trabalhadoras de creches acerca do cuidado da crianca. Os dados foram coletados em creches de uma universidade publica, no Municipio de Sao Paulo, Brasil, mediante entrevistas individuais e uma oficina pedagogica. Aqui e apresentado o tema O cuidado da crianca na creche, parte dos resultados do estudo. O cuidado foi definido como atendimento as necessidades fisicas e emocionais infantis, como etapa preliminar as atividades pedagogicas e como momento de aprendizado para as criancas. As trabalhadoras entendem o cuidado como fenomeno que prescinde de capacitacao e habilitacao especifica e secundario em relacao a educacao. Atribui-se essa compreensao de senso comum a falta de reflexao sobre um referencial teorico-conceitual que sustente a acao cuidadora das trabalhadoras.This investigation aimed at understanding and analyzing the representations of the workers from daycare centers regarding the care they provide to children. Data were collected through individual interviews and an educational workshop. These interviews were carried out in daycare centers, that are associated to a public university in the municipality of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The topic presented here, Childcare in daycare centers, is the first result of this study. The care was defined as actions taken to attend to the childs physical and emotional necessities, a preliminary step to pedagogical activities and as a learning moment for children. The workers understand the care as a phenomenon that do not need specific training or preparation as it is secondary if compared to education. This common sense understanding can be a result of the lack of reflection about a theoretical and conceptual reference that must base the performance of these workers.

Desafios da formação em enfermagem no Brasil: proposta curricular da EEUSP para o bacharelado em enfermagem

The School of Nursing of the University of Sao Paulo is involved in a process to change the Baccalaureate curriculum, and its implementation is planned to happen in 2009. This is a presentation of the main guidelines of the new curriculum. It is structured in three cycles: Basic (1.500h), Intermediate (1.500) and Final (1.000h), with 4.000h in total, in eight semesters. The aim of the change is to increase de integration among its courses and departments, to promote the autonomy of the student and to adopt as guidelines the principles of the Unified Health Care System in Brazil. The profile aimed is of a general practitioner in nursing, with technical, scientific, ethical and political competencies to provide nursing care to individuals, families and social groups.The School of Nursing of the University of Sao Paulo is involved in a process to change the Baccalaureate curriculum, and its implementation is planned to happen in 2009. This is a presentation of the main guidelines of the new curriculum. It is structured in three cycles: Basic (1.500h), Intermediate (1.500) and Final (1.000h), with 4.000h in total, in eight semesters. The aim of the change is to increase de integration among its courses and departments, to promote the autonomy of the student and to adopt as guidelines the principles of the Unified Health Care System in Brazil. The profile aimed is of a general practitioner in nursing, with technical, scientific, ethical and political competencies to provide nursing care to individuals, families and social groups.

Children's health care assistance according to their families: a comparison between models of Primary Care

OBJETIVO Comparar o modelo assistencial de Unidades Basicas Tradicionais (UBS) com as unidades Estrategia Saude da Familia (ESF) quanto a presenca e extensao dos atributos da Atencao Primaria de Saude (APS), no atendimento de criancas. METODO Estudo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, com familiares de criancas atendidas no Servico Publico de Saude de Colombo, Parana. O Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCA-Tool) foi aplicado aos responsaveis de 482 criancas, 235 de unidades ESF e 247 de UBS, abrangendo todas as unidades de atencao primaria do municipio, entre junho e julho de 2012. Os resultados foram analisados segundo o manual do PCA-Tool. RESULTADOS As unidades com ESF alcancaram escore geral limitrofe para APS. Porem, tiveram melhores resultados nos atributos Afiliacao, Coordenacao da integracao dos cuidados, Integralidade, Orientacao Familiar e Acessibilidade quanto a utilizacao, enquanto os atributos Orientacao Comunitaria, Coordenacao dos sistemas de informacoes, Longitudinalidade e Acesso foram classificados como insuficientes para a APS. As UBS tiveram escores baixos em todos os atributos. CONCLUSAO As unidades com ESF estao mais proximas dos principios da APS, mas ha necessidade de rever acoes de assistencia a crianca, visando aos atributos da APS, em ambos os modelos de atencao, corroborando com estudos semelhantes em outras regioes do Brasil.OBJECTIVE To compare the health assistance models of Basic Traditional Units (UBS) with the Family Health Strategy (ESF) units for presence and extent of attributes of Primary Health Care (APS), specifically in the care of children. METHOD A cross-sectional study of a quantitative approach with families of children attended by the Public Health Service of Colombo, Paraná. The Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCA-Tool) was applied to parents of 482 children, 235 ESF units and 247 UBS units covering all primary care units of the municipality, between June and July 2012. The results were analyzed according to the PCA-Tool manual. RESULTS ESF units reached a borderline overall score for primary health care standards. However, they fared better in their attributes of Affiliation, Integration of care coordination, Comprehensiveness, Family Centeredness and Accessibility of use, while the attributes of Community Guidance/Orientation, Coordination of Information Systems, Longitudinality and Access attributes were rated as insufficient for APS. UBS units had low scores on all attributes. CONCLUSION The ESF units are closer to the principles of APS (Primary Health Care), but there is need to review actions of child care aimed at the attributes of APS in both care models, corroborating similar studies from other regions of Brazil.

Vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development: proposed analytical matrix

This theoretical study presents a conceptual matrix built to analyze the vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development. It proposes that the vulnerability of children is analyzed by means of the following dimensions: individual , which is related to ongoing nurturing relationships, physical protection and security; social , which concerns the social insertion of family and access to rights of social protection and promotion; and programmatic , which involves the political-programmatic scenario and the guidelines and political-programmatic implementation. The practical application of this matrix allows apprehending the health-disease process beyond the individual dimension, enabling the articulation of public policies and actions of professionals to achieve effectiveness in meeting the needs of children. The use of this conceptual matrix can provide to health teams a specific understanding of the adverse situations to child development as well as subsidizing intervention plans based on the analytical dimensions of vulnerability.

A EXPERIÊNCIA DE HOSPITALIZAÇÃO EXPLICADA PELA PRÓPRIA CRIANÇA

This study, was accomplished with 20 school-age children hospitalized in pediatric units. The goals were: how children expressed their perception of the illness and the hospitalization; what sources were available to obtain knowledge about their experience of illness and hospitalization and what were their interest and concerns.

Sistema de Classificação de Pacientes Pediátricos: construção e validação de categorias de cuidados

Patient classification is essential for managing a hospital unit. Literature, however, does not present conceptualizations of pediatric patient categories. The objectives of this study were to define and validate pediatric patient care categories, according to the level of dependency of the nursing team. The care categories were defined based on a literature review, and the content of the proposed categories was validated by a group of judges involved in managing and providing care in a pediatric unit, and by judges involved in pediatric education and research as well as in the construction of patient instruments. Five care categories were established and validated: Minimal, Intermediate, High dependency, Semi-intensive and Intensive. The validation of the care categories were the basis for constructing a system for the classification of pediatric patients, that may contribute with the decision making process of nurses working in management and health care.Patient classification is essential for managing a hospital unit. Literature, however, does not present conceptualizations of pediatric patient categories. The objectives of this study were to define and validate pediatric patient care categories, according to the level of dependency of the nursing team. The care categories were defined based on a literature review, and the content of the proposed categories was validated by a group of judges involved in managing and providing care in a pediatric unit, and by judges involved in pediatric education and research as well as in the construction of patient instruments. Five care categories were established and validated: Minimal, Intermediate, High dependency, Semi-intensive and Intensive. The validation of the care categories were the basis for constructing a system for the classification of pediatric patients, that may contribute with the decision making process of nurses working in management and health care.

Pediatric Patient Classification System: construction and validation of care categories

Patient classification is essential for managing a hospital unit. Literature, however, does not present conceptualizations of pediatric patient categories. The objectives of this study were to define and validate pediatric patient care categories, according to the level of dependency of the nursing team. The care categories were defined based on a literature review, and the content of the proposed categories was validated by a group of judges involved in managing and providing care in a pediatric unit, and by judges involved in pediatric education and research as well as in the construction of patient instruments. Five care categories were established and validated: Minimal, Intermediate, High dependency, Semi-intensive and Intensive. The validation of the care categories were the basis for constructing a system for the classification of pediatric patients, that may contribute with the decision making process of nurses working in management and health care.Patient classification is essential for managing a hospital unit. Literature, however, does not present conceptualizations of pediatric patient categories. The objectives of this study were to define and validate pediatric patient care categories, according to the level of dependency of the nursing team. The care categories were defined based on a literature review, and the content of the proposed categories was validated by a group of judges involved in managing and providing care in a pediatric unit, and by judges involved in pediatric education and research as well as in the construction of patient instruments. Five care categories were established and validated: Minimal, Intermediate, High dependency, Semi-intensive and Intensive. The validation of the care categories were the basis for constructing a system for the classification of pediatric patients, that may contribute with the decision making process of nurses working in management and health care.

A construção de tecnologias de atenção em saúde com base na promoção da saúde

The article describes a reflection about the implication of the theoretical and methodological bases of Health Promotion to the development of empowerment technologies. It also discusses the complexity of caring out researches to evaluate the actions in this field. We initiated with a description of a protocol on child development focused on the critical bias of Health Promotion principles. The protocol was implemented by family health teams in critical regions of Sao Paulo city. The researches linked to the protocol evaluated used technologies and the strategies for its implementation. The results pointed that frameworks of Health Promotion contributes to the comprehensive care and strengthening of children and families health. Researches for evaluating the actions in Health Promotion require a variety of approaches, to cover the complexity of the processes and outcomes.The article describes a reflection about the implication of the theoretical and methodological bases of Health Promotion to the development of empowerment technologies. It also discusses the complexity of caring out researches to evaluate the actions in this field. We initiated with a description of a protocol on child development focused on the critical bias of Health Promotion principles. The protocol was implemented by family health teams in critical regions of Sao Paulo city. The researches linked to the protocol evaluated used technologies and the strategies for its implementation. The results pointed that frameworks of Health Promotion contributes to the comprehensive care and strengthening of children and families health. Researches for evaluating the actions in Health Promotion require a variety of approaches, to cover the complexity of the processes and outcomes.The article describes a reflection about the implication of the theoretical and methodological bases of Health Promotion to the development of empowerment technologies. It also discusses the complexity of caring out researches to evaluate the actions in this field. We initiated with a description of a protocol on child development focused on the critical bias of Health Promotion principles. The protocol was implemented by family health teams in critical regions of São Paulo city. The researches linked to the protocol evaluated used technologies and the strategies for its implementation. The results pointed that frameworks of Health Promotion contributes to the comprehensive care and strengthening of children and families health. Researches for evaluating the actions in Health Promotion require a variety of approaches, to cover the complexity of the processes and outcomes.

Aspectos éticos e estratégias para a participação voluntária da criança em pesquisa

Ethical issues about research with human beings have been addressed in health literature since decades. In spite of this, it is necessary to enhance actions to face many challenges, like the ones related to investigation of childhood. This paper presents and discusses ethical issues in research with children. It describes some strategies to perform with children, considering their developmental process and individual characteristics, in order to guarantee their voluntary participation in research.Ethical issues about research with human beings have been addressed in health literature since decades. In spite of this, it is necessary to enhance actions to face many challenges, like the ones related to investigation of childhood. This paper presents and discusses ethical issues in research with children. It describes some strategies to perform with children, considering their developmental process and individual characteristics, in order to guarantee their voluntary participation in research.