Maria do Socorro Cirilo-Sousa

Effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction on haemodynamics: a systematic review

This study systematically reviewed the available scientific evidence on the changes promoted by low‐intensity (LI) resistance training (RT) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and rate‐pressure product (RPP). Searches were performed in databases (PubMed, Web of Science™, Scopus and Google Scholar), for the period from January 1990 to May 2015. The study analysis was conducted through a critical review of contents. Of the 1 112 articles identified, 1 091 were excluded and 21 met the selection criteria, including 16 articles evaluating BP, 19 articles evaluating HR and four articles evaluating RPP. Divergent results were found when comparing the LI protocols with BFR versus LI versus high intensity (HI) on BP, HR and RPP. The evidence shows that the protocols using continuous BFR following a LIRT session apparently raise HR, BP and RPP compared with LI protocols without BFR, although increases significantly in BP seem to exist between the HI protocols when compared to LI protocols. Haemodynamic changes (HR, SBP, DBP, MBP, RPP) promoted by LIRT with BFR do not seem to differ between ages and body segments (upper or lower), although they are apparently affected by the width of the cuff and are higher with continuous BFR. However, these changes are within the normal range, rendering this method safe and feasible for special populations.

Does a resistance exercise session with continuous or intermittent blood flow restriction promote muscle damage and increase oxidative stress

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare the effect of low-load resistance exercise (LLRE) with continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction (BFR) on the creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), protein carbonyl (PC), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and uric acid (UA) levels in military men. The study included 10 recreationally trained men aged 19 ± 0.82 years who underwent the following experimental protocols in random order on separate days (72–96 h): 4 LLRE sessions at a 20% 1RM (one-repetition maximum [1RM]) with continuous BFR (LLRE + CBFR); 4 LLRE sessions at 20% 1RM with intermittent BFR (LLRE + IBFR) and 4 high-intensity resistance exercise (HIRE) sessions at 80% 1RM. The CK and LDH (markers of muscle damage) levels were measured before exercise (BE), 24 h post-exercise and 48 h post-exercise, and the PC, TBARS and UA (markers of oxidative stress) levels were measured BE and immediately after each exercise session. There was a significant increase in CK in the HIRE 24 post-exercise samples compared with the LLRE + CBFR and LLRE + IBFR (P = 0.035, P = 0.036, respectively), as well as between HIRE 48 post-exercise and LLRE + CBFR (P = 0.049). Additionally, there was a significant increase in CK in the LLRE + CBFR samples BE and immediately after each exercise (Δ = 21.9%) and in the HIRE samples BE and immediately after each exercise, BE and 24 post-exercise, and BE and 48 post-exercise (Δ values of 35%, 177.6%, and 177.6%, respectively). However, there were no significant changes in LDH, PC, TBARS, and UA between the protocols (P > 0.05). Therefore, a physical exercise session with continuous or intermittent BFR did not promote muscle damage; moreover, neither protocol seemed to affect the oxidative stress markers.

Acute Effects of Resistance Exercise With Continuous and Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction on Hemodynamic Measurements and Perceived Exertion

This study compared the acute effects of low-intensity resistance exercise (RE) sessions for the upper limb with continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction (BFR) and high-intensity RE with no BFR on lactate, heart rate, double product (DP; heart rate times systolic blood pressure), and perceived exertion (RPE). Ten recreationally trained men (1–5 years strength training; age mean = 19 ± 0.82 years) performed three experimental protocols in random order: (a) low-intensity RE at 20% one-repetition maximum (1RM) with intermittent BFR (LI + IBFR), (b) low-intensity RE at 20% 1RM with continuous BFR (LI + CBFR), and (c) high-intensity RE at 80% 1RM. The three RE protocols increased lactate and DP at the end of the session (p < .05) and increased heart rate at the end of each exercise (p < .05). However, greater local and general RPE was observed in the high-intensity protocol compared with LI + IBFR and LI + CBFR in the lat pull-down, triceps curl, and biceps curl exercises (p < .05). A greater percentage change in DP and lactate was observed for continuous BFR compared with intermittent BFR; however, RPE was lower for intermittent BFR. In conclusion, intermittent BFR appears to be an excellent option for physical training because it did not differ significantly from continuous BFR in any variable and promoted a lower percentage change in DP and RPE.

Hypotensive effects of resistance exercise with continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction

The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of low-intensity (LI) resistance exercise (RE) with continuous blood flow restriction (CBFR) and intermittent blood flow restriction (IBFR) on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP). After a one-repetition maximum test, 10 normotensive recreationally trained men performed three experimental protocols. In the three RE protocols, increases in SBP, DBP, and MAP were observed immediately after exercise, but the effect sizes (ESs) were greater for the LI + CBFR and high-intensity protocols. There were hypotensive effects on SBP, DBP, and MAP in all three protocols; however, the effects on MAP lasted longer for the LI + IBFR and LI + CBFR protocols. These long-lasting hypotensive effects on DBP and MAP occurred in all three protocols. Thus, we conclude that the post exercise hypotensive effects on SBP, DBP, and MAP appear to occur in all three RE protocols, with the effect on SBP being longer in the LI + IBFR and LI + CBFR protocols.

Mood Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise Among Basketball Players

This study compared the acute effects of resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) on basketball players’ mood states. A total of 11 male basketball players (M age = 19.9, SD = 2.8 years; M height = 180.8, SD = 7.8 cm; M weight = 71.1, SD = 9.1 kg; M body mass index = 22.1, SD = 1.9 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to two experimental conditions: (a) low-load resistance exercise with BFR (LLRE + BFR) and high-load resistance exercise (HLRE) without BFR. We measured mood state with the Brunel Mood Scale before and after each session. There was a significant interaction effect such that there was increased fatigue over time with LLRE + BFR (p = .001, Δ% = 169.2). Regarding total mood disorder, there were significant pre and postexercise differences between athletes exposed to both the LLRE + BFR and HLRE conditions (p = .048) and a decharacterization of the iceberg mood profile in the post-training LLRE + BFR condition. LLRE + BFR, compared to HLRE, promoted an acute negative effect on mood state, decharacterization of the iceberg profile, total mood disturbance, and increased participant fatigue, suggesting that this method of strength training should be avoided before sports competitions.

Effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction on the body composition of postmenopausal women

With the aging process, there is a progressive change in the proportion between body components and stature in both sexes1 however, women show greater impact on changes in body composition related to aging due to the physiological exhaustion of the ovarian function (menopause) and thus, estrogen declines,2,3 amplifying the negative effects of aging on body components such as increase and redistribution of body fat and decrease of muscle and bone mass.4,5

TAXA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE FORÇA E ATIVAÇÃO NEURAL EM MULHERES PÓS-MENOPAUSADAS

Introduccion: El envejecimiento se asocia con la reduccion de la velocidad de contraccion y la activacion de las fibras musculares, que influyen la aptitud fisica y el rendimiento funcional. Objetivo: Comprobar la tasa de desarrollo de la fuerza (TDF) y la activacion de las fibras musculares en mujeres posmenopausicas. Metodos: Veinticuatro mujeres posmenopausicas (63,2 ± 5,6 anos; 154,5 ± 7,3 cm y 64,7 ± 7,6 kg), con independencia funcional y fisicamente activas, fueron sometidas simultaneamente a la medicion de la fuerza isometrica maxima y de las senales electromiograficas de los siguientes musculos: vasto lateral (VL), recto femoral (RF) y vasto medial (VM) para una extension unilateral de la rodilla de la extremidad dominante. Estos resultados se utilizaron para calcular la TDF y el impulso contractil en intervalos de 20 ms durante los primeros 200 ms de la contraccion del musculo mediante la curva fuerza/tiempo, la tasa de activacion EMG (TAE) y la amplitud EMG media, a intervalos de 40 a 80 ms del inicio de la integracion EMG, mediante el uso de la curva EMG/tiempo. Resultados: Los valores de fuerza variaron desde 29,19 hasta 86,04Nm; la TDF vario de 1.459,42N.m.s-1 hasta 430,21N.m.s-1 en 20 ms y 200 ms, respectivamente, lo que indica valores decrecientes con el tiempo; para el impulso, se observaron valores entre 0,65 y 11,07 N.m.s; en la misma direccion de la TDF, la TAE mostro valores decrecientes para VL (1676,08 a 844,41 µVs-1), para RF (1320,88 a 637,59 µVs-1) y para VM (1747,63-914,09 µVs-1) a 20 y 200 ms, mientras que el promedio de la amplitud EMG tuvo valores de 33,77 a 50,32 µV para VL, de 24,93 a 38,07 µV para RF y 37,07 a 54,78 µV para VM en 40 ms y 80 ms, respectivamente. Conclusion: En las mujeres posmenopausicas, la velocidad del aumento, el mantenimiento de la fuerza y la activacion EMG no son suficientes para mantener la TDF y la TAE crecientes, lo que demuestra un posible riesgo de discapacidad funcional y caidas.ABSTRACT Introduction: Aging is associated with a reduction in the speed of contraction and activation of muscle fibers, influencing physical fitness and functional performance. Objective: To verify the rate of force development (RFD) and neural activation in postmenopausal women. Methods: Twenty-four postmenopausal women (63.2±5.6 years; 154.5±7.3 cm and 64.7±7.6 kg) functionally independent and physically active were submitted simultaneously to the measurement of maximal isometric force and electromyographic signals (EMG) of the following muscles: vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis (VM) for a unilateral extension of the knee of the dominant limb. These results were used to calculate the RFD, the contractile impulse in 20-ms intervals during the first 200ms of the muscle contraction by the force/time curve, the EMG activation rate (EAR), and the mean EMG amplitude, at intervals of 40 to 80ms from the start of the EMG integration by using the EMG/time curve. Results: The force values ranged from 29.19 to 86.04Nm; the RFD varied from 1459.42 to 430.21N.m.s-1 in 20ms and 200ms, respectively, indicating decreasing values with time; for the impulse values were observed between 0.65 and 11.07Nms; in the same direction of RFD, the EAR showed decreasing values for the VL (1676.08 to 844.41µVs-1), for the RF (1320.88 to 637.59µVs-1), and the VM (1747.63 to 914.09µVs-1) at 20 and 200ms, while the mean EMG amplitude had values of 33.77 to 50.32µV for the VL, 24.93 to 38.07µV for RF, and 37.07 to 54.78µV for the VM in 40ms and 80ms, respectively. Conclusion: In postmenopausal women, the increase rate, the maintenance of force, and the EMG activation are not sufficient to maintain the increase of RFD and EAR, demonstrating a potential risk of functional disabilities and falls.Keywords: aging; muscle strength; electromyography.Introduction: Aging is associated with a reduction in the speed of contraction and activation of muscle fibers, influencing physical fitness and functional performance. Objective: To verify the rate of force development (RFD) and neural activation in postmenopausal women. Methods: Twenty-four postmenopausal women (63.2±5.6 years; 154.5±7.3 cm and 64.7±7.6 kg) functionally independent and physically active were submitted simultaneously to the measurement of maximal isometric force and electromyographic signals (EMG) of the following muscles: vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis (VM) for a unilateral extension of the knee of the dominant limb. These results were used to calculate the RFD, the contractile impulse in 20-ms intervals during the first 200ms of the muscle contraction by the force/time curve, the EMG activation rate (EAR), and the mean EMG amplitude, at intervals of 40 to 80ms from the start of the EMG integration by using the EMG/time curve. Results: The force values ranged from 29.19 to 86.04Nm; the RFD varied from 1459.42 to 430.21N.m.s-1 in 20ms and 200ms, respectively, indicating decreasing values with time; for the impulse values were observed between 0.65 and 11.07Nms; in the same direction of RFD, the EAR showed decreasing values for the VL (1676.08 to 844.41µVs-1), for the RF (1320.88 to 637.59µVs-1), and the VM (1747.63 to 914.09µVs-1) at 20 and 200ms, while the mean EMG amplitude had values of 33.77 to 50.32µV for the VL, 24.93 to 38.07µV for RF, and 37.07 to 54.78µV for the VM in 40ms and 80ms, respectively. Conclusion: In postmenopausal women, the increase rate, the maintenance of force, and the EMG activation are not sufficient to maintain the increase of RFD and EAR, demonstrating a potential risk of functional disabilities and falls.

TASA DE DESARROLLO DE LA FUERZA Y ACTIVACIÓN NEURONAL EN MUJERES POSMENOPÁUSICAS

Introduccion: El envejecimiento se asocia con la reduccion de la velocidad de contraccion y la activacion de las fibras musculares, que influyen la aptitud fisica y el rendimiento funcional. Objetivo: Comprobar la tasa de desarrollo de la fuerza (TDF) y la activacion de las fibras musculares en mujeres posmenopausicas. Metodos: Veinticuatro mujeres posmenopausicas (63,2 ± 5,6 anos; 154,5 ± 7,3 cm y 64,7 ± 7,6 kg), con independencia funcional y fisicamente activas, fueron sometidas simultaneamente a la medicion de la fuerza isometrica maxima y de las senales electromiograficas de los siguientes musculos: vasto lateral (VL), recto femoral (RF) y vasto medial (VM) para una extension unilateral de la rodilla de la extremidad dominante. Estos resultados se utilizaron para calcular la TDF y el impulso contractil en intervalos de 20 ms durante los primeros 200 ms de la contraccion del musculo mediante la curva fuerza/tiempo, la tasa de activacion EMG (TAE) y la amplitud EMG media, a intervalos de 40 a 80 ms del inicio de la integracion EMG, mediante el uso de la curva EMG/tiempo. Resultados: Los valores de fuerza variaron desde 29,19 hasta 86,04Nm; la TDF vario de 1.459,42N.m.s-1 hasta 430,21N.m.s-1 en 20 ms y 200 ms, respectivamente, lo que indica valores decrecientes con el tiempo; para el impulso, se observaron valores entre 0,65 y 11,07 N.m.s; en la misma direccion de la TDF, la TAE mostro valores decrecientes para VL (1676,08 a 844,41 µVs-1), para RF (1320,88 a 637,59 µVs-1) y para VM (1747,63-914,09 µVs-1) a 20 y 200 ms, mientras que el promedio de la amplitud EMG tuvo valores de 33,77 a 50,32 µV para VL, de 24,93 a 38,07 µV para RF y 37,07 a 54,78 µV para VM en 40 ms y 80 ms, respectivamente. Conclusion: En las mujeres posmenopausicas, la velocidad del aumento, el mantenimiento de la fuerza y la activacion EMG no son suficientes para mantener la TDF y la TAE crecientes, lo que demuestra un posible riesgo de discapacidad funcional y caidas.ABSTRACT Introduction: Aging is associated with a reduction in the speed of contraction and activation of muscle fibers, influencing physical fitness and functional performance. Objective: To verify the rate of force development (RFD) and neural activation in postmenopausal women. Methods: Twenty-four postmenopausal women (63.2±5.6 years; 154.5±7.3 cm and 64.7±7.6 kg) functionally independent and physically active were submitted simultaneously to the measurement of maximal isometric force and electromyographic signals (EMG) of the following muscles: vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis (VM) for a unilateral extension of the knee of the dominant limb. These results were used to calculate the RFD, the contractile impulse in 20-ms intervals during the first 200ms of the muscle contraction by the force/time curve, the EMG activation rate (EAR), and the mean EMG amplitude, at intervals of 40 to 80ms from the start of the EMG integration by using the EMG/time curve. Results: The force values ranged from 29.19 to 86.04Nm; the RFD varied from 1459.42 to 430.21N.m.s-1 in 20ms and 200ms, respectively, indicating decreasing values with time; for the impulse values were observed between 0.65 and 11.07Nms; in the same direction of RFD, the EAR showed decreasing values for the VL (1676.08 to 844.41µVs-1), for the RF (1320.88 to 637.59µVs-1), and the VM (1747.63 to 914.09µVs-1) at 20 and 200ms, while the mean EMG amplitude had values of 33.77 to 50.32µV for the VL, 24.93 to 38.07µV for RF, and 37.07 to 54.78µV for the VM in 40ms and 80ms, respectively. Conclusion: In postmenopausal women, the increase rate, the maintenance of force, and the EMG activation are not sufficient to maintain the increase of RFD and EAR, demonstrating a potential risk of functional disabilities and falls.Keywords: aging; muscle strength; electromyography.Introduction: Aging is associated with a reduction in the speed of contraction and activation of muscle fibers, influencing physical fitness and functional performance. Objective: To verify the rate of force development (RFD) and neural activation in postmenopausal women. Methods: Twenty-four postmenopausal women (63.2±5.6 years; 154.5±7.3 cm and 64.7±7.6 kg) functionally independent and physically active were submitted simultaneously to the measurement of maximal isometric force and electromyographic signals (EMG) of the following muscles: vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis (VM) for a unilateral extension of the knee of the dominant limb. These results were used to calculate the RFD, the contractile impulse in 20-ms intervals during the first 200ms of the muscle contraction by the force/time curve, the EMG activation rate (EAR), and the mean EMG amplitude, at intervals of 40 to 80ms from the start of the EMG integration by using the EMG/time curve. Results: The force values ranged from 29.19 to 86.04Nm; the RFD varied from 1459.42 to 430.21N.m.s-1 in 20ms and 200ms, respectively, indicating decreasing values with time; for the impulse values were observed between 0.65 and 11.07Nms; in the same direction of RFD, the EAR showed decreasing values for the VL (1676.08 to 844.41µVs-1), for the RF (1320.88 to 637.59µVs-1), and the VM (1747.63 to 914.09µVs-1) at 20 and 200ms, while the mean EMG amplitude had values of 33.77 to 50.32µV for the VL, 24.93 to 38.07µV for RF, and 37.07 to 54.78µV for the VM in 40ms and 80ms, respectively. Conclusion: In postmenopausal women, the increase rate, the maintenance of force, and the EMG activation are not sufficient to maintain the increase of RFD and EAR, demonstrating a potential risk of functional disabilities and falls.

RATE OF FORCE DEVELOPMENT AND NEURAL DRIVE IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Introduccion: El envejecimiento se asocia con la reduccion de la velocidad de contraccion y la activacion de las fibras musculares, que influyen la aptitud fisica y el rendimiento funcional. Objetivo: Comprobar la tasa de desarrollo de la fuerza (TDF) y la activacion de las fibras musculares en mujeres posmenopausicas. Metodos: Veinticuatro mujeres posmenopausicas (63,2 ± 5,6 anos; 154,5 ± 7,3 cm y 64,7 ± 7,6 kg), con independencia funcional y fisicamente activas, fueron sometidas simultaneamente a la medicion de la fuerza isometrica maxima y de las senales electromiograficas de los siguientes musculos: vasto lateral (VL), recto femoral (RF) y vasto medial (VM) para una extension unilateral de la rodilla de la extremidad dominante. Estos resultados se utilizaron para calcular la TDF y el impulso contractil en intervalos de 20 ms durante los primeros 200 ms de la contraccion del musculo mediante la curva fuerza/tiempo, la tasa de activacion EMG (TAE) y la amplitud EMG media, a intervalos de 40 a 80 ms del inicio de la integracion EMG, mediante el uso de la curva EMG/tiempo. Resultados: Los valores de fuerza variaron desde 29,19 hasta 86,04Nm; la TDF vario de 1.459,42N.m.s-1 hasta 430,21N.m.s-1 en 20 ms y 200 ms, respectivamente, lo que indica valores decrecientes con el tiempo; para el impulso, se observaron valores entre 0,65 y 11,07 N.m.s; en la misma direccion de la TDF, la TAE mostro valores decrecientes para VL (1676,08 a 844,41 µVs-1), para RF (1320,88 a 637,59 µVs-1) y para VM (1747,63-914,09 µVs-1) a 20 y 200 ms, mientras que el promedio de la amplitud EMG tuvo valores de 33,77 a 50,32 µV para VL, de 24,93 a 38,07 µV para RF y 37,07 a 54,78 µV para VM en 40 ms y 80 ms, respectivamente. Conclusion: En las mujeres posmenopausicas, la velocidad del aumento, el mantenimiento de la fuerza y la activacion EMG no son suficientes para mantener la TDF y la TAE crecientes, lo que demuestra un posible riesgo de discapacidad funcional y caidas.ABSTRACT Introduction: Aging is associated with a reduction in the speed of contraction and activation of muscle fibers, influencing physical fitness and functional performance. Objective: To verify the rate of force development (RFD) and neural activation in postmenopausal women. Methods: Twenty-four postmenopausal women (63.2±5.6 years; 154.5±7.3 cm and 64.7±7.6 kg) functionally independent and physically active were submitted simultaneously to the measurement of maximal isometric force and electromyographic signals (EMG) of the following muscles: vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis (VM) for a unilateral extension of the knee of the dominant limb. These results were used to calculate the RFD, the contractile impulse in 20-ms intervals during the first 200ms of the muscle contraction by the force/time curve, the EMG activation rate (EAR), and the mean EMG amplitude, at intervals of 40 to 80ms from the start of the EMG integration by using the EMG/time curve. Results: The force values ranged from 29.19 to 86.04Nm; the RFD varied from 1459.42 to 430.21N.m.s-1 in 20ms and 200ms, respectively, indicating decreasing values with time; for the impulse values were observed between 0.65 and 11.07Nms; in the same direction of RFD, the EAR showed decreasing values for the VL (1676.08 to 844.41µVs-1), for the RF (1320.88 to 637.59µVs-1), and the VM (1747.63 to 914.09µVs-1) at 20 and 200ms, while the mean EMG amplitude had values of 33.77 to 50.32µV for the VL, 24.93 to 38.07µV for RF, and 37.07 to 54.78µV for the VM in 40ms and 80ms, respectively. Conclusion: In postmenopausal women, the increase rate, the maintenance of force, and the EMG activation are not sufficient to maintain the increase of RFD and EAR, demonstrating a potential risk of functional disabilities and falls.Keywords: aging; muscle strength; electromyography.Introduction: Aging is associated with a reduction in the speed of contraction and activation of muscle fibers, influencing physical fitness and functional performance. Objective: To verify the rate of force development (RFD) and neural activation in postmenopausal women. Methods: Twenty-four postmenopausal women (63.2±5.6 years; 154.5±7.3 cm and 64.7±7.6 kg) functionally independent and physically active were submitted simultaneously to the measurement of maximal isometric force and electromyographic signals (EMG) of the following muscles: vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis (VM) for a unilateral extension of the knee of the dominant limb. These results were used to calculate the RFD, the contractile impulse in 20-ms intervals during the first 200ms of the muscle contraction by the force/time curve, the EMG activation rate (EAR), and the mean EMG amplitude, at intervals of 40 to 80ms from the start of the EMG integration by using the EMG/time curve. Results: The force values ranged from 29.19 to 86.04Nm; the RFD varied from 1459.42 to 430.21N.m.s-1 in 20ms and 200ms, respectively, indicating decreasing values with time; for the impulse values were observed between 0.65 and 11.07Nms; in the same direction of RFD, the EAR showed decreasing values for the VL (1676.08 to 844.41µVs-1), for the RF (1320.88 to 637.59µVs-1), and the VM (1747.63 to 914.09µVs-1) at 20 and 200ms, while the mean EMG amplitude had values of 33.77 to 50.32µV for the VL, 24.93 to 38.07µV for RF, and 37.07 to 54.78µV for the VM in 40ms and 80ms, respectively. Conclusion: In postmenopausal women, the increase rate, the maintenance of force, and the EMG activation are not sufficient to maintain the increase of RFD and EAR, demonstrating a potential risk of functional disabilities and falls.