Martin Lanzendorf

Impact of Life-Course Events on Car Ownership

This study focuses on the impact of life-course events on car ownership and, ultimately, on travel behavior to provide a basis for measures influencing people toward a more sustainable mobility. The theoretical background for the analysis is the mobility biographies approach. This approach assumes that travel behavior is mainly habitual, and therefore, only relatively seldom do windows of opportunity open for behavioral changes when travel decisions are considered more intensively. Car ownership is used in the analysis as a proxy for actual travel behavior. Hence, the results may deliver some insight on the effect of key events in a persons or households life on travel behavior and, further, the potential of soft policy intervention measures to change daily mobility. The German Socioeconomic Panel is used for the empirical analysis. The results show the importance of life-course events for travel behavior. Besides the household status variables of age, number of cars, and weighted monthly income, four k...

Mobility Styles and Travel Behavior: Application of a Lifestyle Approach to Leisure Travel

Recently, several efforts have been made to include individuals’ attitudes, values, and orientations within travel behavior research. The restrictions of the traditional modeling variables become obvious when one is trying to explain changes in travel patterns related to changes in Western societies. Traditional modeling efforts also neglect the intrinsic dimensions of traveling and of nonwork travel. A lifestyle approach has been used to construct mobility styles by applying factor and cluster analysis to leisure and mobility orientations. A data set was collected in four neighborhoods of Cologne (Germany). The analysis focuses on leisure travel on weekends, because it is assumed that mobility styles are more important for leisure than for work-related traveling. The key question is whether the utility of mobility styles as a tool for the analysis of travel behavior can be demonstrated. The results indicate, first, that there is a correlation of mobility styles with several other factors, such as personal and household characteristics, availability of transport modes, and urban form elements (e.g., residential neighborhood, garden ownership, and dwelling type). Furthermore, a correlation is observed between mobility styles and participation, frequency, and car use for leisure travel. Finally, multivariate analysis indicates that the mobility styles largely explain the participation in traveling for different leisure purposes and the distances traveled by car. For the mode choice, other factors such as availability of transport modes and workday use of a transport mode appear to be more important than the mobility style.

Key Events and Their Effect on Mobility Biographies: The Case of Childbirth

ABSTRACT Over the last few years, travel-behavior researchers have generally acknowledged the importance of habits and key events in understanding travel-behavior changes. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the evolving research field of mobility biographies. With a retrospective, qualitative survey, 20 parents of small children are questioned about key events affecting their travel behavior and in particular the role of childbirth in this respect. The findings reveal that the commonly expected car-dependency after childbirth is only one pattern among others such as the stability or even increase of green mode use.

Interactions between residential relocations, life course events, and daily commute distances

This paper presents results from a project investigating interdependencies among residential changes, other life course events, and transport. The main goal is to identify specific relocations and other key events during a persons life with a significant impact on changes in travel behavior. With the theoretical background of the mobility biographies approach–assuming that travel behavior is mainly habitual–the paper attempts to deliver a basis for potential soft policy intervention measures to change daily travel behavior toward a more sustainable mobility. The empirical basis is the German Socio-Economic Panel. By analyzing longitudinal data, it is possible to allocate different key events during the life course to change a persons mobility behavior. Because total distances traveled are partly based on daily commute distances, changes in the journey-to-work distance were used to indicate changes in travel behavior. Results of a linear regression model for change in commute distance show a significant influence from the previous home-to-work distance or other travel patterns such as mode choice and accessibility of public transport. Besides sociodemographic factors like income, the importance of life course events such as specific relocations and professional changes can also be documented. Spatial structure of the destination (regional core versus noncore, specific type of neighborhood or house) also has a significant impact on commute distances.

EXPLORING THE USE OF E-SHOPPING AND ITS IMPACT ON PERSONAL TRAVEL BEHAVIOR IN THE NETHERLANDS

The Internet makes it possible to conduct activities such as working and shopping without traveling to activity places. As e-shopping becomes popular, it can fundamentally change travel behavior. The presented study uses a literature review, an Internet survey of e-shoppers, and the Netherlands National Travel Survey to analyze the possible impact of e-shopping on travel behavior. The findings indicate that people living in areas with relatively many shopping opportunities buy online as often as do people who live in areas with relatively few shopping opportunities. People who spend a lot of time on in-store shopping typically are women, are more than 60 years old, have a low level of education, are on a low income, and live in a more urbanized area. Online buyers can be characterized as men between ages 25 and 40 who are highly educated, have a high income, and live in a less urbanized area. Four hypotheses were derived to describe the future impact of e-shopping on travel. First, some shopping time will be saved and used for other maintenance or leisure activities instead. Second, the enlargement and fragmentation of an individual’s action spaces will be fostered and so lead to increased travel distances. Third, e-shopping will affect travel behavior most in the urbanized western part and in the less urbanized parts of the Netherlands. Finally, a reduction in car travel in the less urbanized areas of the Netherlands and a reduction in walking and cycling in the more urbanized areas of the Netherlands are expected.

Mobilitätsforschung in nachfrageorientierter Perspektive

In ihren Anfangen befasste sich die Verkehrsforschung im Wesentlichen mit der Abschatzung der zukunftigen Verkehrsnachfrage und der Bereitstellung der dafur notwendigen Infrastruktur (vgl. Scheiner in Kap. II.6 dieses Bandes). Spatestens mit dem Beginn der 1970er Jahre traten jedoch neue Probleme in den Blickpunkt von Verkehrspolitik und — planung. Die Kosten fur die Erweiterungen der Straseninfrastruktur, die der rapide Anstieg der Automotorisierung der 1950 und 1960er Jahre erforderte, und die durch den Olpreisschock der 1970er Jahre gewonnene Einsicht, dass die Energie-Ressourcen endlich sind, fuhrten zu einer neuen Problemwahrnehmung. Erste Grenzen des Wachstums fur den Automobilverkehr wurden erkannt. Hierdurch gewann die Frage nach einer groseren Effizienz verkehrlicher Masnahmen starkeres Gewicht. Aus planerischen Grunden wollte man nun genauer wissen, welche Personen zu welchem Zweck mit welchem Verkehrsmittel unterwegs sind. Somit trat eine starkere Nachfrageorientierung in den Blickpunkt.

Beruf und Mobilität - eine intergenerationale Untersuchung zum Einfluss beruflicher Lebensereignisse auf das Verkehrshandeln

Lebensereignisse konnen Alltagsroutinen im Verkehrshandeln schwachen und bieten die Gelegenheit, nachhaltiges Verkehrshandeln zu fordern. Obwohl die Erforschung der Auswirkungen beruflicher Lebensereignisse bisher oft vernachlassigt wurde, kann sie einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung zielgruppenspezifischen Mobilitatsmanagements liefern. Dieser Beitrag analysiert die Anderungen des Verkehrshandelns beim Erleben beruflicher Lebensereignisse von drei Generationen. Der Vergleich zwischen Generationen zeigt Unterschiede im Erleben beruflicher Lebensereignisse. Studium, Ausbildung, Wechsel der Arbeitsstelle, Start ins Berufsleben und die Selbststandigkeit wurden als Ereignisse identifiziert, die einen Einfluss auf die Pkw Verfugbarkeit haben. In diesen Umbruchssituationen finden Anderungen in der alltaglichen Verkehrsmittelnutzung haufiger statt.

Perspectives on Mobility Cultures in Megacities

Megacities are facing multiple challenges in urban mobility, linked to energy scarcity and climate change, unprecedented urbanisation and suburbanisation, as well as local issues of social and spatial inequalities, traffic impacts on health, severe congestion, conflicts over urban space and complex regional governance tasks. This chapter explores how megacities can address these issues to create well-functioning mobility systems, while simultaneously enhancing their liveability, economic performance and sustainability. Every city is unique and complex, so there is no one simple solution. It is argued here, however, that the mobility culture concept helps us to navigate a path through this complexity and find suitable mobility solutions in each city. Some key outcomes of the mobility culture research and workshop exchanges are discussed in terms of local policies for challenges, urban structure and transport supply, the critical value of urban space, travel demand management and creative processes in urban mobility development. Appropriate local strategies have to be developed by communities in a bottom-up and top-down approach.

Mobilität 2.0 – Eine Systematisierung und sozial-räumliche Charakterisierung neuer Mobilitätsdienstleistungen

Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen systematischen Uberblick uber verschiedene neue und in den letzten Jahren stark gewachsene offentliche Mobilitatsdienstleistungen. Zur Theoretisierung des damit verbundenen Wandels wird der Begriff Mobilitat 2.0 eingefuhrt und diskutiert. Daruber hinaus werden bisher haufig vernachlassigte soziale und raumliche Folgen durch die Einfuhrung und das Wachstum neuer Mobilitatsdienstleistungen thematisiert.

Mobilitätsforschung aus nachfrageorientierter Perspektive: Theorien, Erkenntnisse und Dynamiken des Verkehrshandelns

Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit neueren Erkenntnissen zur Erklarung von Verkehrshandeln. Aus der Perspektive verschiedener Disziplinen wird die Wechselwirkung zwischen Mobilitat und sozialen Strukturen dargestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung fur eine innovative Verkehrs- und Mobilitatspolitik bewertet. Zunachst wird das Verhaltnis von Raumstrukturen und Mobilitat geklart, bevor grundlegende Theorien der Umweltpsychologie erlautert und Routinen sowie deren Bruche im Lebenslauf dargestellt werden. Folgerungen fur eine zukunftige Mobilitatspolitik schliesen den Beitrag ab.