Maurício Bara Filho

Heart Rate Monitoring in Soccer: Interest and Limits During Competitive Match Play and Training, Practical Application.

Abstract Alexandre, D, Da Silva, C, Hill-Haas, S, Wong, DP, Natali, AJ, De Lima, JRP, Filho, MGB, Marins, JCB, Garcia, ES, and Chamari, K. Heart rate monitoring in soccer: Interest and limits during competitive match play and training–Practical application. J Strength Cond Res 26(10): 2890–2906, 2012—The identification of physiological loads imposed by soccer training or match play reveals essential information, which may help improve training and recovery strategies. Until today, the use of heart rate (HR) monitoring is not standardized in soccer. Thus, the aim of this review was to analyze, determine and compare the exercise intensity (EI) monitored by HR in professional, youth, and recreational soccer players during matches and training sessions using a meta-analysis. Heart rate is one of the most common physiological variables used to determine exercise internal training load. The mean EI recorded during competitive matches was described as 70–80% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max or 80–90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax), independent of the playing level. With respect to HR training zones, approximately 65% of the total match duration is spent at intensity of 70–90% HRmax and rarely below 65% HRmax. However, although HRmax is mostly employed in the literature, monitoring EI should be expressed in relation to reserve heart rate, as it was described as a more reliable indicator of HR, allowing interindividual comparisons. The HR response according to the playing position indicates that midfielders are characterized by the highest EI, followed by forwards and fullbacks. Moreover, in the second half of the match, the EI is lower than that observed during the first half; this reduction could be correlated with the level of the players physical conditioning. Consequently, coaches may favor the use of interval training or small-sided training games because these are shown to improve both aerobic capacity and the ability to repeat high-intensity actions. Small-sided games allow reaching similar HR responses to those found during interval training and match play but with greater heterogeneity values. Future investigations should include a larger sample of players with special reference to playing position and the expression of EI in percentage of the reserve heart rate, analyzing the possible intergender differences in HR response.

Avaliação do nível de atividade física de estudantes de graduação das áreas saúde/biológica

Background: Regular physical activity practice is considered an important factor in the population’s health and quality of life promotion. In order to evaluate a population’s physical activity level (PAL), many instruments are used, among them the IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). Objectives: To evaluate the PAL of Physical Education (PE) undergraduate students concerning gender and study year as well as to compare the PAL of these students with others from different health/biology courses. Methods: Two hundred and eighty subjects; being 194 PE students (100 men and 94 women) and 86 students (17 men and 69 women) of other courses (Pharmacy; Biochemistry, Dentistry and Biology). The instrument used to measure the PAL was the IPAQ in its short version. Results: Among the PE students, it was found that 92% of them were classified as active or very active; however, there was no significant difference (p > 0,05) between male and female groups. Concerning the other courses, it was observed that the female sample is less physically active than the male one (p 0,05). Conclusions: Generally, male students have a higher level of physical activity than female ones; the undergraduate students did not show similar patterns of PAL and this level remains constant during the PE course.FUNDAMENTOS: La practica regular de actividades fisicas constituye un importante factor en la promocion de la salud y calidad de vida de la poblacion. Para evaluar el nivel de actividad fisica (NAF) de una poblacion, varios instrumentos son utilizados, entre ellos el IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el NAF de los alumnos de graduacion en Educacion Fisica respecto al genero y al tiempo de conclusion de los estudios, como tambien comparar el NAF de estudiantes de diferentes cursos de las areas salud y biologicas. METODOS: Doscientos ochenta individuos, de los cuales 194 son estudiantes de Educacion Fisica (100 hombres y 94 mujeres) y 86 estudiantes (17 hombres y 69 mujeres) de areas de salud y biologicas (Farmacia y Bioquimica, Odontologia y Ciencias Biologicas). El instrumento utilizado para medida del nivel de actividad fisica fue el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Fisica (IPAQ), en su version corta. RESULTADOS: En el grupo de estudiantes de Educacion Fisica, se encontro una incidencia de 92% clasificados como Muy Activos o Activos, a pesar de eso, no se observo diferencia significativa (p > 0,05) entre los grupos masculino y femenino. En relacion a los otros cursos analizados, se constato que la muestra femenina es menos activa fisicamente que la masculina (p 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Hombres poseen un mayor nivel de actividad fisica que las mujeres; los universitarios evaluados no poseen padrones semejantes en los diferentes cursos; y el nivel de actividad fisica es constante durante el curso de Educacion Fisica.

Pre-game hydration status, sweat loss, and fluid intake in elite Brazilian young male soccer players during competition

Abstract In this study, we assessed the pre-game hydration status and fluid balance of elite young soccer players competing in a match played in the heat (temperature 31.0 ± 2.0°C, relative humidity 48.0 ± 5.0%) for an official Brazilian soccer competition. Fluid intake was measured during the match, as were urine specific gravity and body mass before and after the game to estimate hydration status. Data were obtained from 15 male players (age 17.0 ± 0.6 years, height 1.78 ± 0.06 m, mass 65.3 ± 3.8 kg); however, data are only analysed for 10 players who completed the full game. The mean (±s) sweat loss of players amounted to 2.24 ± 0.63 L, and mean fluid intake was 1.12 ± 0.39 L. Pre-game urine specific gravity was 1.021 ± 0.004, ranging from 1.010 to 1.025. There was no significant correlation between sweat loss and fluid intake (r = 0.504, P = 0.137) or between urine specific gravity and fluid intake (r = −0.276, P = 0.440). We conclude that young, native tropical soccer players started the match hypohydrated and replaced about 50% of the sweat lost. Thus, effective strategies to improve fluid replacement are needed for players competing in the heat.

A redução dos níveis de cortisol sanguíneo através da técnica de relaxamento progressivo em nadadores

OBJETIVO: Analisar os efeitos da tecnica de relaxamento progressivo na reducao/controle dos niveis de cortisol sanguineo em nadadores durante determinado periodo de treinamentos. METODOLOGIA: Nadadores de ambos os sexos (n = 23) foram divididos em dois grupos: experimental GE (n = 11), submetido a tratamento com a tecnica de relaxamento progressivo duas vezes por semana; de controle GC (n = 12), submetido a tratamento placebo nas mesmas condicoes. Os tratamentos foram realizados durante sete semanas, com tres coletas de sangue (pre, mid e pos-testes). RESULTADOS: A partir da nao-normalidade da distribuicao indicada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (Dmax = 3,61 > Dcritico = 0,276, NC = 95%), decidiu-se pela analise exploratoria dos dados, que revelou os seguintes valores da mediana do nivel de cortisol sanguineo (ng/ml) para os grupos nos pre, mid e pos-testes, respectivamente: GE = 140,7; 95,5 e 86,5, e GC = 141,1; 132,8 e 138,6. Alem de observar maior reducao da mediana no GE, os valores deste grupo apresentaram-se mais proximos da mediana no pos-teste, o que nao ocorreu com o GC, que permaneceu inalterado em relacao ao pre-teste. Para corroborar essa tendencia, utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney e observou-se uma diferenca significativa (p 0,05), o que demonstra maior reducao dos niveis de cortisol sanguineo no GE em relacao ao GC. CONCLUSOES: Os resultados indicam que ha influencia do tratamento experimental (relaxamento progressivo) na reducao dos niveis de cortisol sanguineo. Isso demonstra intensa relacao psicofisiologica entre os processos do organismo humano, indicando a necessidade da utilizacao de estrategias de controle do treinamento desportivo para evitar o estresse excessivo.

Evaluation of the physical activity level of undergraduation students of health/biology fields

Background: Regular physical activity practice is considered an important factor in the population’s health and quality of life promotion. In order to evaluate a population’s physical activity level (PAL), many instruments are used, among them the IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). Objectives: To evaluate the PAL of Physical Education (PE) undergraduate students concerning gender and study year as well as to compare the PAL of these students with others from different health/biology courses. Methods: Two hundred and eighty subjects; being 194 PE students (100 men and 94 women) and 86 students (17 men and 69 women) of other courses (Pharmacy; Biochemistry, Dentistry and Biology). The instrument used to measure the PAL was the IPAQ in its short version. Results: Among the PE students, it was found that 92% of them were classified as active or very active; however, there was no significant difference (p > 0,05) between male and female groups. Concerning the other courses, it was observed that the female sample is less physically active than the male one (p 0,05). Conclusions: Generally, male students have a higher level of physical activity than female ones; the undergraduate students did not show similar patterns of PAL and this level remains constant during the PE course.FUNDAMENTOS: La practica regular de actividades fisicas constituye un importante factor en la promocion de la salud y calidad de vida de la poblacion. Para evaluar el nivel de actividad fisica (NAF) de una poblacion, varios instrumentos son utilizados, entre ellos el IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el NAF de los alumnos de graduacion en Educacion Fisica respecto al genero y al tiempo de conclusion de los estudios, como tambien comparar el NAF de estudiantes de diferentes cursos de las areas salud y biologicas. METODOS: Doscientos ochenta individuos, de los cuales 194 son estudiantes de Educacion Fisica (100 hombres y 94 mujeres) y 86 estudiantes (17 hombres y 69 mujeres) de areas de salud y biologicas (Farmacia y Bioquimica, Odontologia y Ciencias Biologicas). El instrumento utilizado para medida del nivel de actividad fisica fue el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Fisica (IPAQ), en su version corta. RESULTADOS: En el grupo de estudiantes de Educacion Fisica, se encontro una incidencia de 92% clasificados como Muy Activos o Activos, a pesar de eso, no se observo diferencia significativa (p > 0,05) entre los grupos masculino y femenino. En relacion a los otros cursos analizados, se constato que la muestra femenina es menos activa fisicamente que la masculina (p 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Hombres poseen un mayor nivel de actividad fisica que las mujeres; los universitarios evaluados no poseen padrones semejantes en los diferentes cursos; y el nivel de actividad fisica es constante durante el curso de Educacion Fisica.

Evaluación del nivel de actividad física de estudiantes de graduación de las áreas salúd/biológica

Background: Regular physical activity practice is considered an important factor in the population’s health and quality of life promotion. In order to evaluate a population’s physical activity level (PAL), many instruments are used, among them the IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). Objectives: To evaluate the PAL of Physical Education (PE) undergraduate students concerning gender and study year as well as to compare the PAL of these students with others from different health/biology courses. Methods: Two hundred and eighty subjects; being 194 PE students (100 men and 94 women) and 86 students (17 men and 69 women) of other courses (Pharmacy; Biochemistry, Dentistry and Biology). The instrument used to measure the PAL was the IPAQ in its short version. Results: Among the PE students, it was found that 92% of them were classified as active or very active; however, there was no significant difference (p > 0,05) between male and female groups. Concerning the other courses, it was observed that the female sample is less physically active than the male one (p 0,05). Conclusions: Generally, male students have a higher level of physical activity than female ones; the undergraduate students did not show similar patterns of PAL and this level remains constant during the PE course.FUNDAMENTOS: La practica regular de actividades fisicas constituye un importante factor en la promocion de la salud y calidad de vida de la poblacion. Para evaluar el nivel de actividad fisica (NAF) de una poblacion, varios instrumentos son utilizados, entre ellos el IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el NAF de los alumnos de graduacion en Educacion Fisica respecto al genero y al tiempo de conclusion de los estudios, como tambien comparar el NAF de estudiantes de diferentes cursos de las areas salud y biologicas. METODOS: Doscientos ochenta individuos, de los cuales 194 son estudiantes de Educacion Fisica (100 hombres y 94 mujeres) y 86 estudiantes (17 hombres y 69 mujeres) de areas de salud y biologicas (Farmacia y Bioquimica, Odontologia y Ciencias Biologicas). El instrumento utilizado para medida del nivel de actividad fisica fue el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Fisica (IPAQ), en su version corta. RESULTADOS: En el grupo de estudiantes de Educacion Fisica, se encontro una incidencia de 92% clasificados como Muy Activos o Activos, a pesar de eso, no se observo diferencia significativa (p > 0,05) entre los grupos masculino y femenino. En relacion a los otros cursos analizados, se constato que la muestra femenina es menos activa fisicamente que la masculina (p 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Hombres poseen un mayor nivel de actividad fisica que las mujeres; los universitarios evaluados no poseen padrones semejantes en los diferentes cursos; y el nivel de actividad fisica es constante durante el curso de Educacion Fisica.