Mauricio Tiomno Tolmasquim

Policies for advancing energy efficiency and renewable energy use in Brazil

Abstract This article first reviews energy trends and energy policy objectives in Brazil. It then proposes and analyzes 12 policy options for advancing energy efficiency and renewable energy use. The policies are analyzed as a group with respect to their impacts on total energy supply and demand as well as CO 2 emissions. It is determined that the policies would provide a broad range of benefits for Brazil including reducing investment requirements in the energy sector, cutting energy imports, lowering CO 2 emissions, and providing social benefits.

The efficient use of electricity in Brazil: progress and opportunities

This paper reviews the efforts made with electricity conservation and DSM programs in Brazil in the recent past. The principal end uses in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors are considered. The status of various electricity-saving measures is examined along with initiatives developed by the National Electricity Conservation Program (PROCEL), utilities and other agencies. While some progress has been made, there remains enormous potential for cost-effective efficiency improvements. We conclude with a discussion of strategies for intensifying electricity conservation efforts in the future.

Perspectivas e planejamento do setor energético no Brasil

O artigo apresenta um panorama do setor energetico brasileiro por meio de estatisticas atualizadas, referentes a evolucao da oferta interna de energia e sua evolucao ate o ano de 2020. Em particular, e abordado o sistema eletrico, sendo mostrada a situacao atual e a evolucao da capacidade instalada. No tocante ao setor de combustiveis, sao abordadas as questoes do petroleo, do gas natural e dos bicombustiveis. O artigo deixa claro que nao teria sido possivel manter o alto crescimento economico brasileiro que ocorreu nos ultimos oito anos sem um suprimento crescente de energia. Para isso, muitos e diversificados investimentos de longo prazo foram realizados, tais como a construcao de usinas hidreletricas, termeletricas e eolicas, gasodutos e oleodutos, as medidas de conservacao de energia, a ampliacao dos sistemas de transmissao eletrica, entre outros empreendimentos.

Analysis of Brazil’s cogeneration legal framework

Abstract This article analyzes the impact of changes in the regulatory context on the development of cogeneration in Brazil. It outlines and criticizes, in the light of international experience, the basic principles guiding Brazil’s legal framework designed to encourage cogeneration systems. Brazil is restructuring its power sector, spurred by high risks of shortfalls and difficulties in obtaining funds to invest in the expansion of its installed power generation capacity. This imminent crisis situation highlights some of the advantages of cogeneration systems compared to conventional thermopower generation schemes. However, until this moment, there is not a specific and comprehensive energy policy designed to encourage cogeneration schemes. The analysis of the international experience can help countries, such as Brazil, contemplating electricity market reform, avoid similar mistakes when promoting cogeneration development.

Strategic cogeneration — fresh horizons for the development of cogeneration in Brazil

An earlier study (Szklo A, Soares J, Tolmasquim M. Economic potential of natural gas-fired cogeneration in Brazil: two case studies. Applied Energy 2000;67(3):245-67) that assessed the economic feasibility of gas-fired cogeneration systems in Brazil, indicated that the use of cogeneration in Brazilian malls tends to be small in the short-term. However, current experience is opening up the possibility of investments in cogeneration plants -- despite their lack of economic feasibility -- as part of the strategic actions of utilities in the energy market. The earlier study made no attempt to analyze this possibility, focusing solely on economic feasibility. This article supplements its predecessor by analyzing a type of cogeneration rated as strategic. This is a recent phenomenon prompted by the deregulation of Brazils energy market. Within this new context, power utilities are taking up a defensive behavior as they battle to preserve their markets, in parallel to aggressive behaviors designed to expand and diversify their activities. This means that they may well invest in cogeneration for strategic reasons that may not be clearly reflected through an economic-feasibility assessment.

Economic potential of natural gas-fired cogeneration in Brazil : two case studies

Recent restructuring of Brazils power sector, allied to the expected larger share of natural gas in the nations grid and the cost reductions of gas-fired power generation technologies, has introduced a set of situations apparently favorable to the expansion of natural gas-fired cogeneration. However, electricity self-generation applications are restricted to specific cases in Brazil. In order to deal with this issue, the COGEN model was developed to assess the economic potential of cogeneration ventures from the standpoint of the investor and guide incentive public policies. This model has been applied to two cases in Brazil -- a chemical plant and a shopping mall -- showing that the highest economic potential for gas-fired cogeneration in Brazil is found in industrial plants faced with high values of loss of load. In the commercial sector, measures reshaping the load curve of enterprises -- such as cold storage -- might be much more interesting than fired cogeneration.

Regulatory performance analysis case study: Britain's electricity industry

The success or failure of the privatisation and liberalisation of electricity supply industries has more often been judged in terms of process than of outcomes. In this paper, in contrast, this performance is assessed in terms of the performance of its associated system of regulatory governance. Taking the UKs electricity supply industry between 1989 and 2000 as case study, initially, a vertical cross-section of the regulation system gives a finding matrix for the various stakeholders involved and identifying winners and losers from the standpoint of funding flows. Next, a horizontal cross-section provides the environmental, distributive, allocative, dynamic and productive efficiencies grid for this system. The survey shows that the performance of the British ESI regulation system produced benefits, although not for all stakeholders and not as fairly as possible. The chosen path did not seem sustainable and failed to respect intergenerational transfers as a way of fostering sustainability and equity. It was unable to underpin simultaneous improvements in efficiencies over time, while redistributing industrys funding flows among the players in a regressive manner.

CO2 emissions in the Brazilian industrial sector according to the integrated energy planning model (IEPM)

Abstract During the 1990s, Brazilian industry accounted for over 34% of CO2 emissions deriving from fossil fuel consumption, and over 58% of the net CO2 emissions deriving from biomass consumption. Such as the energy intensity indicator commonly used to measure the energy consumption efficiency of the industrial sector, the emission intensity indicator was adopted to measure the CO2 emission efficiency in economic terms. However, this indicator masks key variables in the analysis, such as the structure of the industrial park, the average monetary value of production and the growth in industrial output. The effect of these variables becomes apparent when comparing the development of emission intensity with the development of energy intensity, through a third indicator: the specific energy emission. In this article, this comparison is based on a prospective analysis carried out through the IEPM model for three different energy consumption growth scenarios for Brazils industrial sector. According to the results, it is possible to conclude that even with a high share of biomass sources in Brazils energy grid, maintenance of the industrial production structure based on energy-intensive industries that produce low added value goods is not environmentally suitable.

Environmental valuation for long-term strategic planning -- the case of the Brazilian power sector

Abstract If not properly dealt with over compatible horizons, environmental issues may cause ventures to incur higher costs and extend over longer implementation periods. Prompted by the uncertainties and risks inherent in these issues, as well as by the need for long-term plans to incorporate sustainable development principles, the Brazilian Power Sector is encouraging the inclusion of environmental aspects as a decision variable right from the start of the planning cycle. The purpose of this paper is to bolster efforts to include in this sectors expansion plans, costs resulting from environmental degradation of the environment. The paper offers an overview of the methodology developed to assess and include in long-term planning for this sector, external environmental costs linked to hydro-power and thermo-power generation. It suggests the use of environmental economic valuation techniques — a practice commonly used to analyze the degradation of natural capital in various countries — as well as assessing projects and programs, adopting the premises and simplifications required for application over the longer term.

Energy efficiency and reduction of Co2 emissions through 2015: The Brazilian cement industry

The cement industry is characterisedby intensive energy consumption throughout itsproduction stages which, together with the calcinationof its raw materials, accounts for significant amountsof greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. In 1996, theBrazilian cement industry consumed 4.3% of the energyrequired by the industrial sector, contributing over22 Tg (Teragrams) of CO2. The prospects forgrowth in this sector in Brazil indicate risingdemands for fossil fuels, with a consequent upsurge inemissions. This article aims to present the prospectsfor energy conservation in the Brazilian cementindustry through to 2015, taking into account: theintroduction of new production technologies in thissector, the use of waste and low-grade fuels,cogeneration, the use of cementitious materials, andother measures, based on a technical and economicenergy demand simulation model. In all scenarios, wefound that is possible to significantly reduce energyconsumption and CO2 emissions for BrazilianCement Industry. Under the market potential scenarios,energy savings vary between 1562.0 to 1900.6 PJ(PetaJoules), with use of cementitious materialsaccounting for around 31% of this total. Fortechnical potential scenarios, use of cementitiousmaterials could represent 51% to 52% of totalachieved energy savings, between 2374.6 to 2803.4 PJ.The cement industry is characterisedby intensive energy consumption throughout itsproduction stages which, together with the calcinationof its raw materials, accounts for significant amountsof greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. In 1996, theBrazilian cement industry consumed 4.3% of the energyrequired by the industrial sector, contributing over22 Tg (Teragrams) of CO2. The prospects forgrowth in this sector in Brazil indicate risingdemands for fossil fuels, with a consequent upsurge inemissions. This article aims to present the prospectsfor energy conservation in the Brazilian cementindustry through to 2015, taking into account: theintroduction of new production technologies in thissector, the use of waste and low-grade fuels,cogeneration, the use of cementitious materials, andother measures, based on a technical and economicenergy demand simulation model. In all scenarios, wefound that is possible to significantly reduce energyconsumption and CO2 emissions for BrazilianCement Industry. Under the market potential scenarios,energy savings vary between 1562.0 to 1900.6 PJ(PetaJoules), with use of cementitious materialsaccounting for around 31% of this total. Fortechnical potential scenarios, use of cementitiousmaterials could represent 51% to 52% of totalachieved energy savings, between 2374.6 to 2803.4 PJ.