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Anesthesiology | 1995

Clinical trial of a new lightwand device (Trachlight) to intubate the trachea.

Orlando Hung; Saul Pytka; Ian R. Morris; Michael F. Murphy; Gordon Launcelott; Sarah Stevens; William A. MacKay; Ronald D Stewart

Background : Transillumination of the soft tissue of the neck using a lighted stylet (lightwand) is an effective and safe intubating technique. A newly designed lightwand (Trachlight) incorporates modifications to improve the brightness of the light source as well as flexibility. The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness and safety of this device in intubating the trachea of elective surgical patients. Methods : Healthy surgical patients were studied. Patients with known or potential problems with intubation were excluded. During general anesthesia, the tracheas were intubated randomly using either the Trachlight or the laryngoscope. Failure to intubate was defined as lack of successful intubation after three attempts. The duration of each attempt was recorded as the time from insertion of the device into the oropharynx to the time of its removal. The total time to intubation (TTI), an overall measure of the ease of intubation, was defined as the sum of the durations of all (as many as three) intubation attempts. Complications, such as mucosal bleeding, lacerations, dental injury, and sore throat, were recorded. Results : Nine hundred fifty patients (479 in the Trachlight group and 471 in the laryngoscope group) were studied. There was a 1% failure rate with the Trachlight, and 92% of intubations were successful on the first attempt, compared with a 3% failure rate and an 89% success rate on the first attempt with the laryngoscope (P not significant). All failures were followed by successful intubation using the alternate device. The TTI was significantly less with the Trachlight compared with the laryngoscope (15.7 ± 10.8 vs. 19.6 ± 23.7 s). For laryngoscopic intubation, the TTI was longer for patients with limited mandibular protrusion and mentohyoid distance, with a larger circumference of the neck, and with a high classification according to Mallampatti et al. However, there was no relation between the TTI and any of the airway parameters for Trachlight. There were significantly fewer traumatic events in the Trachlight group than in the laryngoscope group (10 vs. 37). More patients complained of sore throat in the laryngoscope group than in the Trachlight group (25.3% vs. 17.1%). Conclusions : In contrast to laryngoscopy, the ease of intubation using the Trachlight does not appear to be influenced by anatomic variations of the upper airway. Intubation occasionally failed with the Trachlight but in all cases was resolved with direct laryngoscopy. The failures of direct laryngoscopy were resolved with Trachlight. Thus the combined technique was 100% successful in intubating the tracheas of all patients.


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1995

Lightwand intubation: II--Clinical trial of a new lightwand for tracheal intubation in patients with difficult airways.

Orlando Hung; Saul Pytka; Ian R. Morris; Michael F. Murphy; Ronald D. Stewart

Lightwands have been used to assist in the tracheal intubation of patients with difficult airways for many years. A new lightwand (Trachlight™) with a brighter light source and a flexible stylet permits both oral and nasal intubation under ambient light. This study reports the effectiveness of the Trachlight™ in tracheal intubation in patients with difficult airways. Two groups of patients were studied: Group 1 — patients with a documented history of difficult intubation or anticipated difficult airways; Group 2 — anaesthetized patients with an unanticipated failed laryngoscopic intubation. In Group I, the tracheas were intubated using the Trachlight™ with patients either awake or under general anaesthesia. In Group 2, tracheas were intubated under general anaesthesia using the Trachlight™. The time-to-intubation, number of attempts, failures, and complications during intubation for all patients were recorded. Two hundred and sixty-five patients were studied with 206 patients in Group 1, and 59 in Group 2. In most patients, the tracheas were intubated orally (183 versus 23 nasal) during general anaesthesia (202 versus 4 awake) in Group 1. Intubation was successful in all but two of the patients with a mean (± SD) time-to-intubation of 25.7 ± 20.1 sec (range 4 to 120 sec). The tracheas of these two patients were intubated successfully using a fibreoptic bronchoscope. Orotracheal intubation was successful in all patients in Group 2 using the Trachlight™ with a mean (± SD) time-to-intubation of 19.7 ± 13.5 sec. Apart from minor mucosal bleeding (mostly from nasal intubation), no serious complications were observed in any of the study patients. With proper preparation, this study has demonstrated that Trachlight™ is an effective and safe device to intubate the tracheas of elective surgical patients with a history of difficult airway in experienced hands.RésuméLe mandrin lumineux est utilisé pour faciliter l’intubation de la trachée depuis plusieurs années. Un nouveau mandrin lumineux (Trachlight™) avec une source lumineuse plus intense et un stylet flexible permet l’intubation orale et nasale à la lumière ambiante. Cette étude porte sur l’efficacité du Trachlight™ pour l’intubation trachéale de patients à voies aériennes difficiles d’accès. Deux groupes de patients sont étudiés: le groupe 1 est constitué de patients dont les antécédents d’intubation difficile sont documentés ou chez qui on anticipe un accès difficile aux voies aériennes; le groupe 2 comprend des patients dont l’intubation par laryngoscope a échoué inopinément. Dans le groupe 1, la trachée est intubée avec le Trachlight™ alors que le patient est éveillé ou complètement anesthésié. Dans le groupe 2, la trachée est intubée sous anesthésie générale avec le Trachlight™. Le temps requis pour l’intubation, le nombre de tentatives, les échecs et les complications survenant pendant l’intubation sont notés chez tous les patients. Deux cent soixante-cinq patients sont inclus dans l’étude, dont 206 dans le groupe 1 et 59 dans le groupe 2. Pour la plupart des patients du groupe 1, la trachée est intubée par la voie orale (183 vs 23 par le nez) pendant une anesthésie générale (202 vs 4 éveillés). L’intubation réussit dans tous les cas à l’exception de deux. La moyenne (± ET) pour la durée de l’intubation est de 25,7 ± 20,1 sec (de 4 à 120 sec). En ce qui concerne les deux échecs, l’intubation est réussie plus tard grâce à la fibroscopie. L’intubation orotrachéale est réussie chez tous les patients du groupe 2 avec le Trachlight™ et la moyenne pour la durée de l’intubation est de 19,7 ± 13,5 sec. A l’exception de saignements muqueux légers (causés surtout par l’intubation nasale), on n’observe pas de complications graves parmi les patients de cette étude. Avec une préparation appropriée, cette étude montre que le Trachlight™ constitue, pour des personnes d’expérience, un outil efficace et sûr pour intuber la trachée de patients programmés qui possèdent des voies aériennes d’accès difficile.


Annals of Emergency Medicine | 1996

Review of Pain-Measurement Tools

Kendall Ho; Julie Spence; Michael F. Murphy

Abstract [Ho K, Spence J, Murphy MF: Review of pain-measurement tools. Ann Emerg Med April 1996;27:427-432.]


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 2013

The difficult airway with recommendations for management – Part 1 – Difficult tracheal intubation encountered in an unconscious/induced patient

J. Adam Law; Natasha Broemling; Richard M. Cooper; Pierre Drolet; Laura V. Duggan; Donald E. Griesdale; Orlando Hung; Philip M. Jones; George Kovacs; Simon Massey; Ian R. Morris; Timothy Mullen; Michael F. Murphy; Roanne Preston; Viren N. Naik; Jeanette Scott; Shean Stacey; David T. Wong

AbstractBackgroundPreviously active in the mid-1990s, the Canadian Airway Focus Group (CAFG) studied the unanticipated difficult airway and made recommendations on management in a 1998 publication. The CAFG has since reconvened to examine more recent scientific literature on airway management. The Focus Group’s mandate for this article was to arrive at updated practice recommendations for management of the unconscious/induced patient in whom difficult or failed tracheal intubation is encountered. MethodsNineteen clinicians with backgrounds in anesthesia, emergency medicine, and intensive care joined this iteration of the CAFG. Each member was assigned topics and conducted reviews of Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Results were presented and discussed during multiple teleconferences and two face-to-face meetings. When appropriate, evidence- or consensus-based recommendations were made together with assigned levels of evidence modelled after previously published criteria.ConclusionsThe clinician must be aware of the potential for harm to the patient that can occur with multiple attempts at tracheal intubation. This likelihood can be minimized by moving early from an unsuccessful primary intubation technique to an alternative “Plan B” technique if oxygenation by face mask or ventilation using a supraglottic device is non-problematic. Irrespective of the technique(s) used, failure to achieve successful tracheal intubation in a maximum of three attempts defines failed tracheal intubation and signals the need to engage an exit strategy. Failure to oxygenate by face mask or supraglottic device ventilation occurring in conjunction with failed tracheal intubation defines a failed oxygenation, “cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate” situation. Cricothyrotomy must then be undertaken without delay, although if not already tried, an expedited and concurrent attempt can be made to place a supraglottic device.RésuméContexteActif au milieu des années 1990, le Canadian Airway Focus Group (CAFG), un groupe dédié à l’étude des difficultés imprévues dans la prise en charge des voies aériennes, a émis des recommandations sur ce sujet dans une publication datant de 1998. Le CAFG s’est réuni à nouveau pour passer en revue la littérature scientifique récente concernant la prise en charge des voies aériennes. Dans cet article, le CAFG s’est donné pour mission d’émettre des recommandations visant la prise en charge du patient inconscient ou anesthésié qui présente des difficultés d’intubation significatives.MéthodeDix-neuf cliniciens ayant une formation en anesthésie, en médecine d’urgence ou en soins intensifs composent le CAFG actuel. Les participants ont passé en revue des sujets précis en consultant les bases de données Medline, EMBASE et Cochrane. Les résultats de ces revues ont été présentés et discutés dans le cadre de téléconférences et de deux réunions en personne. Lorsqu’indiqué, des recommandations fondées sur des données probantes ou sur un consensus ont été émises. Le niveau de confiance attribué à ces recommandations a aussi été défini.ConclusionLe clinicien doit avoir conscience des lésions qu’il peut infliger lors de tentatives multiples d’intubation trachéale. Il est possible d’éviter de telles lésions en abandonnant rapidement une technique d’intubation infructueuse afin d’opter pour une méthode alternative (ou ‘plan B’) à condition que l’oxygénation par masque facial ou par l’utilisation d’un dispositif supraglottique s’avère possible. Nonobstant la ou les techniques choisies, un maximum de trois tentatives infructueuses mène à la conclusion qu’il s’agit d’un échec d’intubation et devrait inciter le clinicien à adopter une stratégie de retrait. Une situation dans laquelle il est impossible de procéder à l’oxygénation du patient à l’aide d’un masque facial, d’un dispositif supraglottique ou de l’intubation endotrachéale est qualifiée de scénario cannot intubate, cannot ventilate. Il est alors impératif de procéder sans délai à une cricothyrotomie, à moins que l’insertion d’un dispositif supraglottique n’ait été tentée. Celle-ci peut alors être effectuée rapidement et parallèlement à la réalisation de la cricothyrotomie.


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 2013

The difficult airway with recommendations for management – Part 2 – The anticipated difficult airway

J. Adam Law; Natasha Broemling; Richard M. Cooper; Pierre Drolet; Laura V. Duggan; Donald E. Griesdale; Orlando Hung; Philip M. Jones; George Kovacs; Simon Massey; Ian R. Morris; Timothy Mullen; Michael F. Murphy; Roanne Preston; Viren N. Naik; Jeanette Scott; Shean Stacey; David T. Wong

BackgroundAppropriate planning is crucial to avoid morbidity and mortality when difficulty is anticipated with airway management. Many guidelines developed by national societies have focused on management of difficulty encountered in the unconscious patient; however, little guidance appears in the literature on how best to approach the patient with an anticipated difficult airway.MethodsTo review this and other subjects, the Canadian Airway Focus Group (CAFG) was re-formed. With representation from anesthesiology, emergency medicine, and critical care, CAFG members were assigned topics for review. As literature reviews were completed, results were presented and discussed during teleconferences and two face-to-face meetings. When appropriate, evidence- or consensus-based recommendations were made, and levels of evidence were assigned.Principal findingsPreviously published predictors of difficult direct laryngoscopy are widely known. More recent studies report predictors of difficult face mask ventilation, video laryngoscopy, use of a supraglottic device, and cricothyrotomy. All are important facets of a complete airway evaluation and must be considered when difficulty is anticipated with airway management. Many studies now document the increasing patient morbidity that occurs with multiple attempts at tracheal intubation. Therefore, when difficulty is anticipated, tracheal intubation after induction of general anesthesia should be considered only when success with the chosen device(s) can be predicted in a maximum of three attempts. Concomitant predicted difficulty using oxygenation by face mask or supraglottic device ventilation as a fallback makes an awake approach advisable. Contextual issues, such as patient cooperation, availability of additional skilled help, and the clinician’s experience, must also be considered in deciding the appropriate strategy.ConclusionsWith an appropriate airway evaluation and consideration of relevant contextual issues, a rational decision can be made on whether an awake approach to tracheal intubation will maximize patient safety or if airway management can safely proceed after induction of general anesthesia. With predicted difficulty, close attention should be paid to details of implementing the chosen approach. This should include having a plan in case of the failure of tracheal intubation or patient oxygenation.RésuméContexteUne planification adaptée est essentielle afin d’éviter la morbidité et la mortalité lorsqu’on prévoit des difficultés dans la prise en charge des voies aériennes. De nombreuses recommandations émises par des sociétés nationales mettent l’emphase sur la gestion des difficultés rencontrées chez le patient inconscient. Toutefois, il n’existe dans la littérature que peu de suggestions sur la façon d’approcher le patient chez qui les difficultés sont prévisibles.MéthodeAfin de passer en revue ce sujet et d’autres, le Canadian Airway Focus Group (CAFG), un groupe dédié à l’étude de la prise en charge des voies aériennes, a été reformé. Les membres du CAFG représentent diverses spécialités soit l’anesthésiologie, la médecine d’urgence et les soins intensifs. Chaque participant avait pour mission de passer en revue des sujets précis. Les résultats de ces revues ont été présentés et discutés dans le cadre de téléconférences et de deux réunions en personne. Lorsqu’indiqué, des recommandations fondées sur des données probantes ou sur un consensus ont été émises. Le niveau de confiance attribué à ces recommandations a aussi été défini.Constatations principalesPlusieurs éléments permettant de prédire la laryngoscopie directe difficile sont connus. Des études plus récentes décrivent aussi les éléments permettant d’anticiper des difficultés lors de la ventilation au masque facial, de la vidéolaryngoscopie, de l’utilisation d’un dispositif supraglottique ou de la réalisation d’une cricothyrotomie. Tous ces éléments doivent être pris en compte lors de l’évaluation du patient chez qui des difficultés sont anticipées lors de la prise en charge des voies aériennes. De nombreuses études rapportent une morbidité accrue liée à des tentatives multiples d’intubation trachéale. Planifier de procéder à l’intubation trachéale après l’induction de l’anesthésie générale n’est donc recommandé que pour les patients chez qui la ou les techniques prévues ne nécessiteront pas plus de trois tentatives. Il est recommandé de prioriser d’emblée une approche vigile dans les cas où des difficultés reliées à l’utilisation du masque facial ou d’un dispositif supraglottique sont prévues. L’établissement d’une stratégie de prise en charge doit tenir compte d’éléments contextuels telles la collaboration du patient, la disponibilité d’aide supplémentaire et de personnel qualifié, et l’expérience du clinicien.ConclusionUne évaluation adaptée des voies aériennes ainsi que les éléments contextuels propres à chaque situation sont les bases qui permettent de déterminer de manière rationnelle si l’intubation trachéale vigile est apte à optimiser la sécurité du patient, ou si la prise en charge des voies aériennes peut être réalisée de manière sécuritaire après l’induction de l’anesthésie générale. Lorsqu’on prévoit des difficultés, une attention particulière doit être portée aux détails nécessaires au succès de l’approche envisagée. De plus, il convient d’avoir un plan en cas d’échec de l’intubation trachéale ou si l’oxygénation du patient s’avérait difficile.


Current Opinion in Anesthesiology | 2010

Standardizing care and monitoring for anesthesia or procedural sedation delivered outside the operating room.

Volker Eichhorn; Dietrich Henzler; Michael F. Murphy

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to summarize recommendations for the safe and efficient conductance of sedation and anesthesia at remote locations; and to define safety standards, monitoring techniques, quality of care and procedural eligibility. Recent findings Anesthesia outside of the operating room is rapidly increasing in numbers, which has seen a growth of older and sicker patients. These circumstances have created a need for guidelines, for both specialist anesthesia providers and nonanesthesia-trained practitioners, that define patient selection, minimum monitoring (hemodynamics and respiration), facility design and equipment, policy framework, recovery facilities and policies. The patients safety throughout all stages of sedation and/or anesthesia is the most pertinent goal. Recent data emphasize the importance of monitoring pulse oximetry and end-tidal carbon dioxide for any sedating or anesthetic procedure. Substandard monitoring combined with oversedation and subsequent respiratory depression are implicated as the main reasons for catastrophic sedation and anesthetic outcomes at remote locations. Summary Patient selection, procedure appropriateness and location appropriateness are the key elements defining the provision of safe anesthesia care outside the operating room. Titratable, short-acting intravenous drugs are preferred such as propofol and remifentanil.


Journal of Otolaryngology-head & Neck Surgery | 2009

Transoral laser microsurgery versus radiation therapy for early glottic cancer in Canada: Cost analysis

Timothy Phillips; Chady Sader; Timothy Brown; Martin Bullock; Derek Wilke; Jonathan Trites; Robert Hart; Michael F. Murphy; S. Mark Taylor

OBJECTIVE There is debate over whether radiation therapy or transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) is the superior treatment for early glottic cancer. Both offer similar cure rates and posttherapy quality of life. One factor that could decide the optimum therapy is cost. Several studies in Europe and the United States show that TLM is the most cost-effective treatment. The goal of this study was to conduct the first cost analysis in Canada on the treatment of early glottic cancer comparing radiation therapy and TLM. DESIGN AND METHODS The study was conducted retrospectively. TLM and radiation therapy were broken down into individual components, and then the price for each component was summed. SETTING The study was conducted at the Queen Elizabeth II Health Science Centre in Halifax, Nova Scotia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measure was total cost. RESULTS It was found that radiation therapy was approximately four times more expensive than TLM. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that TLM should be the preferred treatment option for treating early glottic cancer in Canada as it is the most economical and has been shown in previous studies to be as effective as radiation therapy in both cure rates and quality of life.


Annals of Emergency Medicine | 2008

Continue to Use Etomidate for Intubation of Patients With Septic Shock

Ron M. Walls; Michael F. Murphy

Opposing authors provide succinct, authoritative discussions of controversial issues in emergency medicine. Authors are provided the opportunity to review and comment on opposing presentations. Each topic is accompanied by an Editor’s Note that summarizes important concepts. Participation as an authoritative discussant is by invitation only, but suggestions for topics and potential authors can be submitted to the section editors


Annals of Emergency Medicine | 2008

Clinical controversies: etomidate as an induction agent for endotracheal intubation in patients with sepsis: continue to use etomidate for intubation of patients with septic shock.

Ron M. Walls; Michael F. Murphy

Opposing authors provide succinct, authoritative discussions of controversial issues in emergency medicine. Authors are provided the opportunity to review and comment on opposing presentations. Each topic is accompanied by an Editor’s Note that summarizes important concepts. Participation as an authoritative discussant is by invitation only, but suggestions for topics and potential authors can be submitted to the section editors


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 2008

Effects of activated protein C on the mesenteric microcirculation and cytokine release during experimental endotoxemia.

Christian Lehmann; Ricardo Scheibe; Michael Schade; Konrad Meissner; Matthias Gründling; Taras I. Usichenko; Michael Wendt; Orlando Hung; Sara Whynot; Michael F. Murphy

Purpose: Activated protein C (APC) is the first anti-inflammatory drug to be approved for the treatment of severe sepsis. However, the underlying mechanisms are not completely elucidated. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of APC on the microcirculation (mesenteric leukocyte-endothelial interaction, plasma extravasation) using intravital microscopy (IVM) and on cytokine release during experimental endotoxemia in rats.Methods: We divided forty, male, Lewis rats into four groups (n=10 per group): Controls, LPS (15 mg·kg−1 lipopolysaccharideiv), APC (2 mg·kg−1 APCiv), and LPS+APC. We determined mesenteric leukocyte-endothelial interactions and plasma extravasation at zero, one and two hours following administration of LPS and APC by IVM. Plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 were measured at zero and at two hours.Results: Leukocyte adherence (−74%) and plasma extravasation (−28%) during endotoxemia were diminished significantly following APC treatment, compared to untreated LPS animals (P=0.0001 andP=0.0004, respectively). Interleukin-1β release was also significantly reduced by APC treatment (2567.4 ± 320.9 pg·mL−1 in the LPS groupvs 1626.1 ± 427.2 pg·mL−1 in the LPS+APC group;P=0.001).Conclusion: These rodent experiments showed that APC treatment significantly attenuated deterioration of the mesenteric microcirculation and systemic IL-1β release caused by endotoxin challenge. Because of the crucial role of the microcirculation in ongoing sepsis pathogenesis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, these effects may be of clinical importance.RésuméObjectif: La protéine C activée (PCA) est le premier médicament anti-inflammatoire à être approuvé pour le traitement des septicémies sévères. Cependant, les mécanismes sous-jacents de cette protéine ne sont pas encore complètement compris. C’est pourquoi notre étude avait pour but d’évaluer les effets de la PCA sur la microcirculation (interaction mésentérique leucocytaire-endothéliale, extravasation plasmatique) en utilisant la microscopie intravitale (IVM) ainsi que ses effets sur la libération de cytokines pendant une endotoxémie expérimentale chez les rats.Méthode: Nous avons randomisé quarante rats Lewis mâles en quatre groupes (n=10 par groupe) : témoin, LPS (15 mg·kg−1 lipopolysaccharide iv), PCA (2 mg·kg−1 PCA iv), et LPS+PCA. Nous avons évalué les interactions mésentériques leucocytaires-endothéliales et l’extravasation plasmatique à zéro, une et deux heures après l’administration de LPS et de PCA par MIV. Les niveaux plasmatiques de facteur onconécrosant-α, d’IL-1β, d’interleukine (IL)-6, et d’IL-10 ont été mesurés à zéro et deux heures.Résultats: L’adhérence leucocytaire (−74 %) et l’extravasation plasmatique (−28 %) pendant l’endotoxémie ont été significativement réduites après un traitement avec PCA, par rapport aux animaux LPS non traités (P=0,0001 et P=0,0004, respectivement). La libération d’interleukine-1β était également réduite de façon significative par le traitement avec PCA (2567,4 ± 320,9 pg·mL−1 dans le groupe LPS vs 1626,1 ± 427,2 pg·mL−1 dans le groupe LPS+PCA ; P=0,001).Conclusion: Ces expériences sur les rongeurs ont montré que le traitement à base de PCA atténuait de manière significative la détérioration de la microcirculation mésentérique ainsi que la libération systémique d’IL-1β provoquées par le choc endotoxique. En raison du rôle primordial de la microcirculation dans la pathogenèse continue de la septicémie et dans le syndrome de défaillance multisystémique, ces effets pourraient avoir une importance clinique.

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Ron M. Walls

Brigham and Women's Hospital

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Michael Wendt

University of Greifswald

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Konrad Meissner

Washington University in St. Louis

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