Mohammed Fazil Ahmed

Antidiabetic Activity of Vinca rosea Extracts in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Vinca rosea methanolic whole plant extracts in alloxan induced diabetic rats for 14 days. The methanolic whole plant extract at high dose (500 mg/kg) exhibited significant anti-hyperglycemic activity than whole plant extract at low dose (300 mg/kg) in diabetic rats. The methanolic extracts also showed improvement in parameters like body weight and lipid profile as well as regeneration of β-cells of pancreas in diabetic rats. Histopathological studies reinforce the healing of pancreas, by methanolic Vinca rosea extracts, as a possible mechanism of their antidiabetic activity.

Hepatoprotective activity of Melia azedarach leaf extract against simvastatin induced Hepatotoxicity in rats

The aim of the study is to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Melia azedarach L leaves extracts against simvastatin induced hepatotoxicity. The phytochemical screening was carried on the leaves extracts of Melia azedarach revealed the presence of some active ingredients such as Alkaloids, Tannins, Sponginess, Phenols, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids. Leaves of Melia azedarach was successively extracted with ethanol against simvastatin (20mg/kg.p.o) induced hepatotoxicity using Standard drug Silymarin (25 mg/kg). There was a significant changes in biochemical parameters (increases in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alanine phosphatase (ALP),serum bilirubin and decrease the total proteins content.) in simvastatin treated rats, which were restored towards normalization in Melia azedarach (300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) treated animals. Thus the present study ascertains that the leaf extract of Melia azedarach possesses significant hepatoprotective activity.

Anti-ulcer activity of cassia auriculata leaf extract

Abstract The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of cassia auriculata leaf extract against pylorous ligation induced gastric ulcer. The methanolic leaf extract of cassia auriculata at dose of 300 mg/kg p.o. markedly decrease the incidence of ulcers in pyloric ligatied rats. In pyloric ligated rats, there was an increase in the gastric volume, free and total acidity and ulcerative index as compared to the control group. The methanolic leaf extract of cassia auriculata at dose of, 300 mg/kg showed significant reduction in the above parameters which was comparable to the standard drug famotidine(10 mg/kg). Cassia auriculata extract showed protection index 79.4 %, whereas standard drug famotidine showed protection index 90.7%.

Simultaneous Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Melia Azedarach. Linn Leaves by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Rutin, Quercetin and Kaempferol are the most important phenolic compounds of Melia azedarach. A simple and rapid HPLC method was developed for simultaneous determination of Rutin, Quercetin and Kaempferol in ethanolic leaves extract of Melia azedarach. Acetonitrile and Phosphate buffer (pH=5.8) in ratio of 55: 45 used as mobile phase. The phenolic compounds were determined by Athena C18 column type at 254 nm with flow rate of 1 ml/min. Retention time of standards, Rutin, Quercetin and Kaempferol were found to be 2.357, 6.093 and 9.373 respectively. While the Retention times of Rutin, Quercetin and Kaempferol in Melia azedarach are 2.403, 6.143 and 8.903 which are found to be matching with standards retention time values respectively. Thus this HPLC method was found to be convenient and simple for quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in Melia azedarach. INTRODUCTION Plants are potential sources of natural antioxidants. It produces various antioxidative compounds to counteract reactive oxygen species (ROS) in order to survive.1 ROS, which include free radicals such as superoxide anion radicals (O2 -), hydroxyl radicals (OH-) and non free-radical species such as H2O2 and singled oxygen ( O2), are various forms of activated oxygen. These free radicals responsible for cellular injury and aging process.2 Plant phenolics are commonly found in both edible and non-edible plants, and have been reported to have multiple biological effects, including antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of phenolics is mainly due to their redox properties, which allow them to act as reducing agents, hydrogen donators, and singlet oxygen quenchers. In addition, they have a metal chelation potential.3 It is an established fact that polyphenolic compounds possess remarkable antioxidant activities which are present quite commonly in the plant family Meliaceae. Recently, interest has increased considerably in finding naturally occurring antioxidants for use in foods or medicinal materials to replace synthetic antioxidants.4 Therefore; the need exists for safe, economic, powerful and natural antioxidants to replace these synthetic ones. Rutin is the rhamnoglucoside of the flavonoid quercetin, and found in many plants5 and used for treatment of various diseases related to the vascular.6Quercetin is a flavonol, it is plant derived flavonoid used as a nutritional supplement found in fruits and vegetables. Quercetin is thought to have potent antioxidant, Antidiabetic and anti tumour, and antiviral, anti inflammatory benefits.7 Quercetin is mainly found in many often consumed foods include green apple, onion, green tea, lemon as well as many seeds, flowers, barks, and leaves.8 Kaempferol occurs naturally in a variety of fruits, vegetables, wine and tea. Kaempferol can be isolated from tea, broccoli, witch-hazel, propslis, grapefruit, and other plant source.9kaempferol is one of the most important flavonoids that inhibit heart, spinal cord, and brain disease. Itinhibits both oxidative susceptibility of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in vitro,and platelet aggregation.10 Melia azedarach Linn. ( Family: Meliaceae) is a shrub or small evergreen and medium-sized deciduous tree.It has been useful in fever, thirst, nausea, vomiting, and skin diseases.11,12 Leaves and fruits showed antifeedant activity.13,14 The stem extracts showed larval mortality15 and insecticidal activity. The plant has also showed antifungal16, antibacterial 17,cytotoxic 18, antimalarial 19, anthelmintic 20, antilithic 21 and antifertility activity.22 The present study was designed to for simultaneous determination of Rutin, Quercetin and Kaempferol in ethanolic leaves extract of Melia azedarach by highperformance liquid chromatography. MATERIALS AND METHOD Reagents and Materials: All chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade. The standard Rutin and Quercetin were purchased from Yucca Enterprises,MumbI (purity >97%).The standard Kaempferol MP Biomedicals, Mumb(purity >97%). Phosphate buffer (pH=5.8) and solvent Acetonitrile used as mobile phase were obtained from S.D.Fine Chem Limited, Mumbai. The column type was, Athena C18 250X 4.6 (CNW Technology). Plant material: The basic plant material of Melia azedarach leaves was obtain from Zaheerabab,Medak Dist. The plant was identified and authenticated by Department of Botany and Research office (Botanist) Anwar-ul-loom college of Pharmacy, Hyderabad. Extraction of plant material for HPTLC analysis: The leaves of Melia azedarach were dried under shade and powdered in a mechanical grinder. The leaves powders of Melia azedarach, weight about (250 g) were individually packed in the thimble of soxhlet apparatus and extracted with ethanol at 55°C for 18 h. The extract was concentrated to get dry residue and stored in the dessicator and it was used for subsequent experiments. Preliminary photochemical screening revealed the presence of Polyphenols, flavanoids and glycosides. Preparation of standard and sample solutions Phosphate buffer (pH=5.8) and solvent Acetonitrile used as mobile phase.10 mg of Standard Rutin and Quercetin were dissolved in 25ml of mobile phase, while 15mg of kaempferol were dissolved in 25ml of mobile phase and 10 mg of Sample solution of extract Melia azedarach were dissolved in 25ml of mobile phase as above as standard preparation. Chromatographic conditions: Flow rate : 1 ml/min Detection : 254 nm Injection quantity : 0.02ml Column used : Athena C18 250X 4.6 Column temperature : 35°C

Estimation of rutin in ethanolic extract of Brassica oleracea L. var capitata. leaves by HPTLC method

The aim of the study is to estimation biologically active flavonoidal compound, rutin, in ethanolic leaves extract of Brassica oleracea L. var capitata. Linn leaves by using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Pre coated silica gel 60 F254 used as stationary phase and Toluene: Ethyl Acetate: methanol in ratio of 5: 3: 2 are used as mobile phase. Densitometric determination and quantification of this compound was carried out at 254 nm.The standard Rf values of rutin is found to be 0.17 . The total peak areas of the standards rutin were compared and the corresponding peak areas of extract were estimated to be 99.36 respectively. This HPTLC method was found to be simple and convenient for rapid screening of active compounds and quantification of the investigated flavonoid in Brassica oleracea L. var capitata. Linn. Estimation of rutin in ethanolic extract of Brassica oleracea L. var capitata. leaves by HPTLC method

Phytochemical and In-Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Melia azedarach Linn, Catharanthus Rosea and Bras-sica oleracea L.var.capitata

The present study was to analysis the antioxidant activities of ethanolic leaves extracts of Melia azedarach Linn, Catharanthus Rosea and Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata by DPPH scavenging assay. The phytochemical screening was also carried on the leaves extracts of Melia azedarach, Catharanthus Rosea and Brassica oleracea L.var. capitata revealed the presence of some active ingredients such as Alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, Phenols, glycosides and flavonoids.The results revealed that the ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata had exhibited more antioxidant activity than Catharanthus Rosea and Melia azedarach Linn. While the ethanolic leaves extract of Catharanthus Rosea had exhibited moderate antioxidant activity than other extracts. The high scavenging property of extracts may be due to hydroxyl groups existing in the phenolic compounds. INTRODUCTION Free radicals are the compounds generated from normal body processes and also from environmental pollutions. Within the human body, millions of chemical reactions are occurring constantly .These processes require oxygen. Reactive oxygen spices (ROS), sometimes called active oxygen species, are various from of activated oxygen, which include free radicals such as superoxide ions (O2 -) and hydroxyl radicals (OH-), as well as non-free-radicals species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)1,2. They tend to attack the healthy cells DNA as well as proteins and fats, causing them to deteriorate. Anti-oxidants are compounds that protect cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen specious, such as singlet oxygen, super oxide, peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite. An imbalance between antioxidants and reactive oxygen species results in oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage. Oxidative stress has linked to cancer, ageing, atherosclerosis, and ischemia injury, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s) 3. Catharanthus Rosea, which is commonly known as ‘periwinkle’ or ‘Vinca rosea’ belongs to family Apocynaceae and is an important source of indole alkaloids, which are present in all plant parts. The physiologically important and antineoplastic alkaloids namely Vincristine and Vinblastine are mainly present in the leaves whereas antihypertensive alkaloids such as ajmalicine, serpentine, and reserpine are reported to be present in the roots4. Vincristine and Vinblastine alkaloids are used in the treatment of various types of lymphoma and leukemia 5, 6. Melia azedarach, the Persian Lilac is popularly known as Maha neem tree and cultivated in all stations. It is a large evergreen tree found throughout India and very similar to Neem. Leaves have been shown to contain nimbinene, meliacin, quercetrin, quercetin-3-0-b-rutinoside, kaempferol3-0b rutinoside, rutin and kaempferol-3-L-rhamno-Dglucoside 7, 8. Hot methanolic etract of Melia azedarach leaves contain dipentadecyl ketone, glycerol 1,3-bis-undec-9enoate 2-dodec-9-enoate and glycerol tris-tridec-9-enoate 9 . The plant is traditionally used for the treatment of leprosy, inflammations, and cardiac disorders. Its fruits extracts possess ovicidal10 and larvicidal activity11. The leaf extracts also possess antiviral 12 and antifertility activity13 . Brassica oleracea var. capitata (Cabbage) (Family Brassicaceae) is an excellent source of vitamin C. It also contains significant amounts of glutamine, an amino acid that has antiinflammatory properties. Cabbage can also be included in dieting programs, as it is a low calorie food.The present study was directed to investigate the hepatoprotective activities of Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata against simvastatin induced hepatotoxicity. There are increasing evidences that increased consumption of fruits and vegetables and intake of certain non-nutrients that are present in foods reduce the risk of various pathological events such as cancer14, 15 and cardioand cerebro-vascular diseases 16. The vegetables are rich sources of many nutrients and antioxidant vitamins. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the antioxidant activity phytochemical and in-vitro antioxidant activities f Melia azedarach Linn, Catharanthus Rosea(Vinca rosea) and Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata (Cabbage) MATERIALS and METHOD Chemicals and Reagents Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Merck Pvt. Ltd, India), Sodium chloride (S.D. Fine Chem, India), Sodium carbonet (Merck Pvt. Ltd, India), Catechol (Himedia Lab., India), 2, 2-Diphenyle2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and Vitamin C are obtained from (Himedia Lab., India).All solutions, including freshly prepared doubled distilled water. Stock solutions of the test extracts were prepared in ethanol. Appropriate blanks were used for individual assays. Plant collection and identification The plant material of Brassica oleracea var. capitata (Cabbage) ware btain from local market, while Melia azedarach Linn and Vinca rosea L obtained from Mount Opera Garden, Near Ramoji Film City, Nalgonda Dist. The plant can be identified authenticated by Department of Botany, research office (Botanist), Anwar-ulloom College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad. Extraction The leaves were dried under shade and powdered in a mechanical grinder. The powdered material (250gms) was extracted successively in Ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus at 55°C for 18 h. The extracts was concentrated in vacuo and kept in a vacuum dessicator for complete removal of solvent and weighed. Phytochemical investigation The phytochemical studies of leaves of Brassica oleracea var.