Mohd Shalahuddin Adnan

Leaching Behavior of Lead Contaminated Soil Sample by Using Sugarcane Bagasse in Stabilization/Solidification Method

Recently, Stabilization/Solidification (S/S) method has been focusing on the usage of agricultural waste as an alternative towards environmental friendly and low cost material to substitute cement. The aim of this study is to determine the leachability of lead contaminated soil by using sugarcane bagasse as partial replacement of cement in S/S method. In this study, different percentages (2.5%, 5% and 7.5%) of treated and untreated sugarcane bagasse have been utilized as a partial replacement to cement. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) have been conducted to determine the leachability of lead contaminated soil. The results indicate that with 7.5% of treated sugarcane bagasse replacement in cement resulted significant reduction of lead contaminant in soil up to 99 % after 28 days. As a conclusion, treated sugarcane bagasse could be an alternative low cost material in the S/S method as it can significantly reduce the remediation cost normally incurred by the usage of cement.

Analysis the Impact of Bridges Existance for the Segamat River Using Infowork RS

Malaysia is experiencing two monsoonal seasons, which have induced heavy rainfall. The increasing of rainfall intensity and longer duration of rainfall has caused a flood. In 2007, Segamat city was hit by the flood due to increasing of rainfall and this has caused a huge damage in term of infrastructure as well as human life. Thus, this study was carried out with the aims to analyze the flood and develop a flood map for the Segamat River. The hydrological data, such as rainfall and streamflow data were retrieved from the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (DID). While, for map preparation such as base map, landuse map and river map were delineated based on the topography map. Additionally, contour map was obtained from MACGDI. InfoWork River Simulation (RS) software was used for analysis and develops the flood map. Moreover, two scenarios were carried out to determine the effect of hydraulic structure presence in the waterway. The first scenario is the flood map without a bridge, while the second scenario is the flood map with a bridge. Based on the results, it clearly shows that the flood map with a bridge has higher flow, velocity and water table compared to the flood map without a bridge. In addition, a flood-prone area based on the developed map was identified. Thus, the generated flood map could serve important information to related agency in proposing a suitable design the mitigation works for this area.

Temporal Trends of Discrete Extreme Events - A Case Study

Investigating trends in discrete events is essential for the study of changing patterns of extreme events. Temporal trends in the inter-arrival times of occurrence of drought events were examined for 21 selected stations across Victoria, Australia. In the present study, the Standardize Precipitation Index (SPI) was applied for 12-month time scale to identify drought. A drought event here is defined as a period in which the SPI is continuously negative and reaching a value of -1.0 or less. Often, nonparametric tests are commonly used to test for trends including in discrete events. However, discrete events are not constant because of the presence of zero values or non-normality of data. The methodology applies to long-term records of event counts and is based on the stochastic concepts of Poisson process and standard linear regression. Overall, of the 21 stations, 15 showed statistically significant increasing frequency indicates those events are becoming more frequent. Only one station gave insignificant result. The remaining 5 stations showed the time between events was significantly increasing designates droughts are becoming less frequent.

Estimation of Sediment Concentration of River Dagga, Chanchaga Basin, Niger State, Nigeria

Sedimentation is a concern to water resources project globally; water flows along with certain degree of sediment naturally, and when the natural flow regime of a river is altered by a dam, the reservoir stores both water and sediment which settles in the reservoir and reduces the storage capacity. Reduction in storage capacity of a reservoir beyond a limit hampers the purpose for which it was designed. River Dagga is proposed to be dammed for water supply purpose, but there is no consistent monitoring of sediment inflow into the rivers in Nigeria. This research aims to study the suspended sediment-laden water carried by River Dagga, Niger State Nigeria. Though most methods of estimating the rates of sedimentation are quite cumbersome, time-consuming and expensive but the availability of some data, (the sediment and flow rating curves) ease these difficulties. In this study, the direct method of sediment sampling data approach has been used to estimate the rate of sediments carried by river Dagga. The result shows that River Dagga sediment inflow is low as water flows only during the raining season, the bed material soil transported along the river bed is classified. The suspended sediment estimates are expected to increase if the upstream of the catchment area is subjected to further urbanization, farming, and animal grazing activities.

Flood Water Level Mapping and Prediction Due to Dam Failures

Sembrong dam has undergone overflow failure. Flooding has been reported to hit the town, covering an area of up to Parit Raja, located in the district of Batu Pahat. This study aims to identify the areas that will be affected by flood in the event of a dam failure in Sembrong Dam, Kluang, Johor at a maximum level. To grasp the extent, the flood inundation maps have been generated by using the InfoWorks ICM and GIS software. By using these maps, information such as the depth and extent of floods can be identified the main ares flooded. The flood map was created starting with the collection of relevant data such as measuring the depth of the river and a maximum flow rate for Sembrong Dam. The data were obtained from the Drainage and Irrigation Department Malaysia and the Department of Survey and Mapping and HLA Associates Sdn. Bhd. Then, the data were analyzed according to the established Info Works ICM method. The results found that the flooded area were listed at Sri Lalang, Parit Sagil, Parit Sonto, Sri Paya, Parit Raja, Parit Sempadan, Talang Bunut, Asam Bubok, Tanjung Sembrong, Sungai Rambut and Parit Haji Talib. Flood depth obtained for the related area started from 0.5 m up to 1.2 m. As a conclusion, the flood emanating from this study include the area around the town of Ayer Hitam up to Parit Raja approximately of more than 20 km distance. This may give bad implication to residents around these areas. In future studies, other rivers such as Sungai Batu Pahat should be considered for this study to predict and reduce the yearly flood victims for this area.

Effect of Phosphoric Acid Concentration on the Characteristics of Sugarcane Bagasse Activated Carbon

Impregnation method is one of the crucial steps involved in producing activated carbon using chemical activation process. Chemicals employed in this step is effective at decomposing the structure of material and forming micropores that helps in adsorption of contaminants. This paper explains thorough procedures that have been involved in producing sugarcane bagasse activated carbon (SBAC) by using 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) during the impregnation step. Concentration of H3PO4 used in the process of producing SBAC was optimized through several tests including bulk density, ash content, iodine adsorption and pore size diameter and the charactesristic of optimum SBAC produced has been compared with commercial activated carbon (CAC). Batch study has been carried out by using the SBAC produced from optimum condition to investigate the performance of SBAC in removal of turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from textile wastewater. From characteristic study, SBAC with 30% H3PO4 has shown the optimum value of bulk density, ash content, iodine adsorption and pore size diameter of 0.3023 g cm-3, 4.35%, 974.96 mg/g and 0.21-0.41 µm, respectively. These values are comparable to the characteristics of CAC. Experimental result from the batch study has been concluded that the SBAC has a promising potential in removing turbidity and COD of 75.5% and 66.3%, respectively which was a slightly lower than CAC which were able to remove 82.8% of turbidity and 70% of COD. As a conclusion, the SBAC is comparable with CAC in terms of their characteristics and the capability of removing contaminants from textile wastewater. Therefore, it has a commercial value to be used as an alternative of low-cost material in producing CAC.

Development of Temporal Rainfall Pattern for Segamat District

The designing of rainfall temporal pattern is very important in displaying the diversity and intensity of rainfall in addition to flood estimation and planning. The main purpose of this study was to develop a temporal rainfall pattern for Segamat District. Average Variability Method, AVM which had recommended by the Australian Rainfall and Runoff were used to derive design rainfall temporal patterns for this study. The survey data for 5 minute interval from 2003 to 2012 for 4 selected rainfall stations that obtained from the Drainage and Irrigation Department, DID have been selected. In this study, the temporal rainfall pattern is built for 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes, and 360 minutes. The results shows the actual rainfall on the field in the form of temporal rainfall pattern. Up to 75% of the temporal patterns in the region can be classified as intermediate type while the advance and delay type are 11% and 14%, respectively. From the temporal rainfall pattern, the duration of rainfall occurs can be predicted, therefore, the probability of the flooding during the period can be estimated.

The Effect of Precipitation on Sediment Transport at Batang Padang River, Perak

Study of sediment management is important to ensure the sedimentation process that occurred can be properly managed. Sediment have a positive correlation with the precipitation where, if the amount of precipitation is high then the sediment transport rate also will be increase. The additional of sediment into the river will shallow the river and lead to flooding. Thus, this analysis is carried out on the Batang Padang River to prove that there is a positive reaction by the precipitation and the amount of sediment, and will affect river management. The precipitation and sediment data from 1982 to 1996 were retrieved from Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) data base. Statistical analysis using the methods of correlation was used to determine the relationship between two variable has been prescribed. Based on the analyzed data, the highest value of rainfall was 3832.5 mm in 1988, and the highest value of sediment is 15331.9 tonnes/year was accured in 1985. Grade correlation is between 0:51 to 0.94 for observations fifteen years. Where the average grade of correlation that has been analyzed is 0.7. The results of the data analysis clearly shows that precipitation has a significant relationship with sediment.

Climate Change Impacts on Rainfall Distribution at Teluk Intan Catchment

Many studies have been conducted on determining the effect of climate change on the precipitation. The increasing of temperature has led to increase of evaporation rate, rainfall intensity, sea water level and so forth. These changes will lead to greater disaster such as increase of flood magnitude, flood event, drought intensity and prolong the drought period. The main objective of this study is to analyze the monthly rainfall pattern from 1984 to 1993 for the Teluk Intan Basin. Five stations of rainfall data were retrieved from DID. The rainfall distribution pattern was calculated by using two types of probability distributions known as Log-Pearson type-III and Gumbel using California’s method. Later, Chi-square test of goodness of fit was applied to validate the results. Based on the calculated results, out of the five stations used in this study, only three stations shows are fitted to apply the mentioned method which is Mengkuang River St, Labu Kubong St and Telok Intan station. Maximum total rainfall for ten years period occurs at Pt. IV Sg. Manik St as the value is 5570.5 mm, meanwhile minimum total rainfall occurs at Pt. I Sg. Manik St as the value is 1462.5 mm. For the average temperature, year 1990 gives the maximum value that is 29.18°C, while year 1986 gives the minimum value that is 28.79°C. The chi-square test was performed to determine which method is fitted to use as statistical analyses. Lastly, correlation test was tested to determine the correlation between rainfall and temperature. Based on the correlation result, it clearly shows a weak correlation between rainfall and temperature. For Telok Intan St the correlation value is 0.17, Pt. I Sg. Manik St is 0.28, Mengkuang River St is 0.17, Pt. IV Sg. Manik St is 0.4, and lastly Labu Kubong St gives the smallest correlation value that is 0.07. As a conclusion, the distributions of rainfall pattern in this area are not really affected by the temperature. However, the temperature distribution still will affect the rainfall distribution in a longer period.

Comparison of Distribution Methods of Low Flow Analysis for Bandar Segamat, Johor

During the monsoon season, certain areas in Malaysia are experiencing a flood. While during the transition period Malaysia is experiencing a drought. This phenomenon could lead to severe disaster and precaution monitoring is needed to avoid this occurrences. Low flow during the dry season could lead to several negative effects on the river ecosystem. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the low flow frequency and intensity for the Segamat city. The duration for 2 years to 100 years based on the previous 20 years of stream flow data were used to calculated. Stream flow data were obtained from the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID). Two prominent distribution analyses methods known as Gumbel Distribution and Log pearson Type III Distribution were applied. The distribution results were validated using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and California method and Weibull method are selected. Based on the analyses results, it clearly shows that the distibution of low flow are between 1 m3/s to 10 m3/s. The flow are significantly correlate with the rainfall intensity. RMSE was selected based on the lowest value of 0.721 for the Gumble Distribution and 1.831 for Log Pearson Type III Distribution. Chi-square test shows a good agreement for Gumble Distribution (7.615<12.59) and Log Pearson Type III(5.201<11.07) using 5% significant level. The confident level form both tests are valid (p>0.05), thus, this results could be used for further analyses to alleviate the low flow in the study area.