Muhammad Ghozali

Effect of Size of Cellulose Particle as Filler in the PVC Biocomposites on their Thermal and Mechanical Properties

The combination between synthetic polyolefin with natural polymer such as cellulose, starch and chitosan can stimulate biodegradation processes of waste plastics such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and other conventional plastics. In this work, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) biocomposite was prepared by compounding cellulose particle into PVC matrix in the presence of PVC-g-maleic anhydride as a compatibilizer. Cellulose nanoparticles were prepared by physical top-down method after milling by using High-Energy Ball-mill. The diameter size of cellulose nanoparticle was obtained as 170 nm. Cellulose particles were added as filler with ratio of 10-30 phr in PVC matrix. PVC biocomposites was prepared as a sheet film with the thickness of 0.3 mm by hot-press method. The addition of cellulose particle into PVC matrix was examined in various filler volumes and various cellulose particle sizes. The obtained PVC composite films were characterized by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier-Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The rheological and mechanical properties of PVC and cellulose composites were investigated as a function of surface structure and filler volume fraction.

Effect of Concentration on the Ionic Interaction between Polystyrene Sulfonate and Cationic Surfactant in Aqueous Solution

Polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) were prepared by sulfonation method of polystyrene using sulfuric acid. Abundant amount of polystyrene waste can be reused as a coagulant, membrane for polymer fuel cell and anionic-cationic polymer interactions. The characterization of PSS was carried out by using UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, molecular weight and analysis of sulfonation degree. The degree of sulfonation was obtained at 94,18%. Ionic interaction between anionic polymer PSS and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as cationic compound in aqueous solution were analyzed by using dynamic light scattering (DLS), conductometry and fluorimetry. Behavior of conductivity have been calculated the critical micelle concentration (cmc). The FTIR and 1H-NMR spectra showed the ionic interaction between PSS and CTAB. This ionic interaction can be controlled by changing the polymer concentration.

Preparation and Characterization of Biomass-Derived Advanced Carbon Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications

In this study, carbon-based advanced materials for lithium-ion battery applications were prepared by using soybean waste-based biomass material, through a straightforward process of heat treatment followed by chemical modification processes. Various types of carbon-based advanced materials were developed. Physicochemical characteristics and electrochemical performance of the resultant materials were characterized systematically. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that the activated carbon and graphene exhibits wrinkles structures and porous morphology. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed that both activated carbon and graphene-based material exhibited a good conductivity. For instance, the graphene-based material exhibited equivalent series resistance value of 25.9 Ω as measured by EIS. The graphene-based material also exhibited good reversibility and cyclic performance. Eventually, it would be anticipated that the utilization of soybean waste-based biomass material, which is conforming to the principles of green materials, could revolutionize the development of advanced material for high-performance energy storage applications, especially for lithium-ion batteries application.

Effect of lignin on morphology, biodegradability, mechanical and thermal properties of low linear density polyethylene/lignin biocomposites

This research is purposed to study effects of lignin compositions on morphology, biodegradability, mechanical and thermal properties of low linear density polyethylene (LLDPE)/Lignin biocomposites. LLDPE/Lignin biocomposites has been manufactured by adding LLDPE, lignin and compatibilizer into rheomix at 200°C with a stirring speed of 70 rpm for 30 min. The composition of lignin added was 5, 10, 15, and 20 phr with compatibilizer 5 phr. LLDPE/lignin films has been made by using hydraulic hot press at 200-210°C with pressure of 6 bar for 20 min. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum analysis was conducted to determine the functional groups of LLDPE/Lignin biocomposites. The surface morphology was observed by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The mechanical properties was measured as a tensile strength and thermal stability was measured by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). In addition, biodegradation test was also conducted to determine the level of biodegradability. TGA results indicated that at 456°C LLDPE and lignin had similar thermal stability and the addition of lignin into LLDPE/lignin bicomposites can reduce the thermal stability up to temperature of 450-460°C. However, the thermal stability is increased at temperature over 460°C. The tensile strength and elongation at break of all LLDPE/Lignin biocomposites at various compositions is lower compared to those of LLDPE. The more lignin were added into LLDPE/Lignin biocomposites, the more the materials were biodegraded.

Influence of reaction condition on viscosity of polyurethane modified epoxy based on glycerol monooleate

Polyurethane modified epoxy based on glycerol monooleate (PME-GMO) was synthesized. GMO as polyol for synthesis of PME-GMO was synthesized via Fisher Esterification between oleic acid from palm oil and glycerol by using sulfuric acid as catalyst with time variation i.e. 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours at 160°C. Characterizations of GMO were carried out by analysis of acid number, hydroxyl value and FTIR. The data show that the conversion of oleic acid to ester compound is directly proportional with the increasing of reaction time but the enhancement is not significant after 3 hours. Furthermore, GMO product was used as polyol for modification of epoxy with polyurethane. Modification of epoxy with polyurethane was performed by reacted epoxy, tolonate and GMO simultaneously in one step. In this research, the reaction condition was varied i.e. time reaction (0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 hours), composition of polyurethane used (10%, 20% toward epoxy) and rasio of tolonate and GMO (NCO/OH ratio) as component of polyurethane (1.5 ...

Synthesis of PP-g-MA as compatibilizer for PP/PLA biocomposites: Thermal, mechanical and biodegradability properties

A synthesis of polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator has been conducted in a stainless-steel reactor at 120°C for 1 hours. The composition of maleic anhydride (MA) was varied between 10-40 phr, whereas BPO was between 0.5-2.0 phr. The grafting degree (GD) was determined by calculating the MA monomer grafted into polypropylene (PP). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was performed to study the functional group in the copolymer PP-g-MA. The result shows that the highest GD of 11.85% was obtained when the use of MA and BPO are 40 phr and 1 phr, respectively. PP/PLA biocomposites have been manufactured by adding polypropylene (PP), polylactic acid (PLA) and PP-g-MA as compatibilizer into rheomix at a temperature of 200-210°C with a stirring speed of 25 rpm for 7-10 minutes. PP/PLA biocomposites were varied at a ratio of 0/100, 20/80, 40/60, 60/40, 80/20 and 100/0. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Ultimate Testing Machine (UTM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and biodegradation analysis were performed to determine the functional groups, thermal stability, tensile strength and the biodegradability level of PP/PLA biocomposites, respectively. Thermal and mechanical analysis results indicate that the addition of PLA into PP/PLA biocomposites can reduce the thermal stability and mechanical properties, however the biodegradability is increased.A synthesis of polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator has been conducted in a stainless-steel reactor at 120°C for 1 hours. The composition of maleic anhydride (MA) was varied between 10-40 phr, whereas BPO was between 0.5-2.0 phr. The grafting degree (GD) was determined by calculating the MA monomer grafted into polypropylene (PP). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was performed to study the functional group in the copolymer PP-g-MA. The result shows that the highest GD of 11.85% was obtained when the use of MA and BPO are 40 phr and 1 phr, respectively. PP/PLA biocomposites have been manufactured by adding polypropylene (PP), polylactic acid (PLA) and PP-g-MA as compatibilizer into rheomix at a temperature of 200-210°C with a stirring speed of 25 rpm for 7-10 minutes. PP/PLA biocomposites were varied at a ratio of 0/100, 20/80, 40/60, 60/40, 80/20 and 100/0. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Ultimate Testing Machine (UTM), Thermogravimetric A...

SYNTHESIS OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER USING POTASSIUM PERSULFATE AND AMMONIUM PEROXYDISULFATE INITIATOR

Thermoplastic elastomer is polymeric material that has elastomer and thermoplastic properties. This material can be easilymolded into finished and recyclable goods, thus environmentaly safe for long term application. In this study we synthesize thermoplastic elastomer using two initiator that are potassium persulfate and ammonium peroxydisulfate with natural rubber to monomer (styrene/methyl methacrylate) ratio of 50 : 50 and 60 : 40 (v/v). The process of thermoplastic elastomer synthesis was conducted with emulsion grafting polymerization method for 6 hours at 65 °C. We used sodium dodecyl sulfate as emulsifier. FT-IR analysis result shows that grafting process had already occured shown by new peaks that were observed in 1743 and 1519 cm -1 . These peaks was assigned to carbonyl (C=O) group of methyl methacrylate and C=C benzene of styrene respectively. From 1H-NMR new peaks at δ = 7.1 ppm was aromatic proton from phenyl group of styrene, at δ = 3.5 ppm was methoxy proton of grafted methyl methacrylate acrylic group, and at δ = 5.1 ppm that is resonance of isoprene methyne proton. This result showed that methyl methacrylate and styrene had alrady grafted onto natural rubber backbone. Initiator influenced grafting efficiency. Potassium persulfate gave 97.6% grafting efficiency while ammonium peroxydisulfate gave 90.2% grafting efficency. Keywords: Thermoplastic elastomer, Grafting, Emulsion polimerization, Initiator, Emulsifier.