Musa Karaman

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) ameliorates cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in rabbit

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on cisplatin hepatotoxicity. Thirty New Zealand rabbits were divided into 5 groups as group 1 (saline-injected control, C), group 2 (1% ethanol; vehicle for CAPE, E), group 3 (CAPE), group 4 (cisplatin, CS) and group 5 (cisplatin plus CAPE, CS+CAPE). Cisplatin caused increased immunoreactivity against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), but CAPE treatment reduced the immunoreactive hepatocytes. Liver malondialdehide (MDA), nitric oxide (NO(.)) levels and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities were higher in CS than in groups C and E. Cisplatin treatment also significantly decreased the tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration compared to groups C and E. CAPE administration normalized the tissue GSH level and XO activity in group CS+CAPE, whereas CAPE treatment did not affect MDA level in group CS+CAPE. In addition, CAPE treatment significantly depressed the cisplatin-induced NO(.) increase in group CS+CAPE. Histopathologically, cisplatin caused hydropic degenerations, necrosis in hepatocytes, sinusoidal congestion, Kupffer cell proliferation and mononuclear cell infiltration. These alterations were less severe in rabbits receiving CS+CAPE. Parallel to histopathology, cisplatin increased serum AST and ALT levels, whereas CAPE treatment significantly reduced cisplatin-induced AST and ALT rise in the serum. Results suggest that cisplatin causes oxidative and nitrosative damage to hepatocytes. Cisplatin-induced increase in XO and NO(.) could contribute oxidative stress in the hepatotoxicity. CAPE shows partial protection against cisplatin-associated biochemical and histopathological alterations.

Effectiveness of melatonin on aflatoxicosis in chicks.

The efficacy of melatonin co-administration on aflatoxicosis in chicks was investigated. Ross PM3 breed chicks were divided into groups of 10 and given conventional feed. One of the groups was kept as a control (C), and the others were given 150ppb aflatoxin (AF1), 300ppb aflatoxin (AF2), 150ppb aflatoxin plus 10mg/kg/bwt melatonin (AF1+M), 300ppb aflatoxin plus 10mg/kg/bwt melatonin (AF2+M), 10mg/kg/bwt melatonin (M), and 1% ethanol (E). After 21 day-treatment period, the chicks were sacrificed, liver and kidney tissues were collected, processed for immuno-histochemical staining, in situ TUNEL method, and biochemical analyses. Vacuolar degeneration, necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia in liver, and mild tubular degeneration in kidney were detected in AF groups. Pathological changes were markedly reduced in AF+M groups, and a microscopic view similar to group C was observed. Increased immunoreactivity against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine was detected in AF groups compared to weak immunoreactivity in group C. Immunoreactivity in AF+M groups was markedly reduced compared to AF groups and was similar to group C in liver and kidney. Many apoptotic cells were detected in the livers of AF groups, whereas there were no apoptotic cells in AF+M groups. While reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in liver and kidney of AF groups were greatly reduced, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased. With melatonin co-administration, the levels of GSH and MDA approached to the values of group C. These results indicated that nitrosative tissue degeneration caused by aflatoxin could be greatly reduced by melatonin supplementation in chicks.

Pathological, biochemical and haematological investigations on the protective effect of α-lipoic acid in experimental aflatoxin toxicosis in chicks

1. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of α-lipoic acid (LA) on aflatoxin (AF) toxicosis in chicks. 2. Groups of 10 Ross PM3 chicks were given, for 21 d, no AF (C), 60 mg/kg/bwt of α-lipoic acid (LA), 150 ppb of aflatoxin (AF1), 150 ppb of aflatoxin plus 60 mg/kg/bwt of α-lipoic acid (AF1 + LA), 300 ppb of aflatoxin (AF2), and 300 ppb of aflatoxin plus 60 mg/kg/bwt of α-lipoic acid (AF2 + LA). Before the animals were killed, blood samples were drawn for haematological analysis, and then tissue samples were collected for histopathological investigation. Immunohistochemical staining was performed against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine on liver samples. Apoptotic cell death in liver was assessed by in situ TUNEL assay. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrayions in liver and kidney were also determined. 3. Hydropic degeneration and occasional necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia and periportal fibrosis were observed in the livers of AF-treated groups. The severity of these changes was reduced in LA-supplemented AF groups. Occasionally, thymic cortical atrophy, lymphoid depletion in spleen and bursa of Fabricius, and degeneration in the kidney tubule epitheliums were detected in AF groups. The severity of these degenerative changes was slightly reduced in LA supplemented groups. 4. There was moderate to strong iNOS and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in the livers of AF groups, while decreased immunoreactivity was observed against both antibodies in the LA supplemented groups. Apoptotic cells were numerous in the AF groups, while greatly reduced in LA supplemented groups. 5. In the liver and kidney of AF-treated groups given 300 ppb of aflatoxin, MDA concentrations were increased as GSH decreased, compared to the control group. LA supplementation of AF-treated birds improved the results compared to the AF only groups, however a statistical difference was observed only in liver tissues between AF2 + LA and AF2 groups. Haematological variables showed no differences among the groups. 6. In conclusion, supplementation of feed with the antioxidant LA, might ameliorate the degenerative effects caused by aflatoxin due to lipid peroxidation.

Histopathologic, biochemical and genotoxic investigations on chronic sodium nitrite toxicity in mice.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long term Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) consumption. Swiss albino mice were given NaNO2 (0, 10 and 20 mg/kg/day) as mixed in feed for 8 months. At the end of treatments, animals were sacrificed and selected organs were processed for histopathologic, imunohistochemical, biochemical and genotoxic investigations. Mild to moderate degenerative changes were observed in liver, kidney, intestine, lung and spleen of NaNO2-given mice. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine activities increased in liver and kidney of NaNO2-given mice. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen activity increased in liver. Apoptotic cell death was observed in livers of the treatment groups. Liver malondialdehyde level was higher in the treatment groups while no change was seen in kidney. Nitric oxide levels in both liver and kidney of the treatment groups were lower than those of the control group. In genotoxic investigations, the number of chromosome and chromatid breaks, chromatid association, and polyploidy increased while mitotic index decreased in NaNO2-given mice. The results showed that NaNO2 would cause histopathologic changes, nitrosative tissue damage, and lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney, as well as induce chromosomal aberrations even if it was given at low levels for long time.

Resveratrol ameliorates cisplatin-induced oxidative injury in New Zealand rabbits

This study investigated the preventive role of resveratrol in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The study used groups of New Zealand rabbits that were treated as follows: group C (cisplatin treated), group R (resveratrol treated), group R+C (resveratrol + cisplatin treatment), and group E (control group). Kidney levels of glutathione were significantly lower in group C than in groups E and R, whereas glutathione levels in group R+C were found to be similar to the control values. Malondialdehyde levels in group C were significantly higher than in groups E and R. However, malondialdehyde levels in group R+C were similar to group E. Kidney levels of nitric oxide were significantly higher in the cisplatin group than in the control, whereas nitric oxide levels were at basal values in group R+C. Cisplatin treatment significantly reduced kidney levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity compared with those of group E, whereas resveratrol treatment significantly increased levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity in group R+C. However, cisplatin injection did not affect mRNA levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, or catalase enzymes. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses indicated that cisplatin caused kidney damage, which was mostly prevented by resveratrol treatment. In conclusion, resveratrol ameliorates cisplatin-induced oxidative injury in the kidney of rabbit.

Attenuation of ischemia–reperfusion injury with Marrubium cordatum treatment in ovarian torsion–detorsion model in rabbits

OBJECTIVE To investigate protective effects of Marrubium cordatum extract on ovary torsion-detorsion. DESIGN Controlled research study. SETTING Marrubium cordatum extract was obtained by methanol extraction. ANIMAL(S) Six-month-old female New Zealand rabbits. INTERVENTION(S) In the first phase, antioxidant activity of M. cordatum extract was evaluated. In the second phase, M. cordatum extract at doses of 0, 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg was studied for dose determination. In the third phase, the protective role of M. cordatum on ovarian torsion-detorsion injury was evaluated in sham control, torsion-detorsion, torsion-detorsion +M. cordatum (1,000 mg/kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, reducing power capacity, and total phenolic compounds were assayed. Glutathione, malondialdehyde, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were measured. Histopathological examination was also conducted. RESULT(S) Marrubium cordatum significantly inhibited 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide radicals, and showed a powerful reducing activity. Marrubium cordatum did not adversely affect biochemical and histopathological parameters at all doses. Malondialdehyde level and catalase activity in the torsion-detorsion group were significantly increased compared with those of the sham group, whereas the glutathione level and glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly decreased compared with those of the sham group. Marrubium cordatum treatment significantly lowered the malondialdehyde level and catalase activity but increased the glutathione level in torsion-detorsion injury. Histopathologically, severe congestion, hemorrhage, edema, and leukocyte infiltration were observed in the torsion-detorsion group. Marrubium cordatum treatment ameliorated these alterations. CONCLUSION(S) Marrubium cordatum attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced biochemical and histopathological alterations.

Protective effect of omega-3 fatty acid against mercury chloride intoxication in mice.

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of omega-3 fatty acid in HgCI2 toxicity in mice. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO) and total sialic acid (TSA), and histopathological changes in selected organs were evaluated. Twenty-eight mice were equally divided into 4 groups, namely Groups I-IV. Group I animals received intraperitoneal (ip) injection of physiological saline solution; Group II animals received ip injection of 0.4mg/kg/day HgCI2; Group III animals received ip injection of 0.4mg/kg/day HgCI2 in addition to subcutaneous (sc) injection of 0.5g/kg/day omega-3 fatty acid; and Group IV animals received sc injection of 0.5g/kg/day omega-3 fatty acid. All treatments lasted 7 days. The levels of MDA, NO and TSA were significantly higher in Group II and lower in Groups III and IV as compared to the Group I. GSH level was the highest in Group IV. In histopathology, severe degeneration in liver and kidney was observed in Group II animals. These degrading changes were seen to be reduced greatly in Group III animals. The results suggested that omega-3 fatty acid might attenuate HgCI2-induced toxicity by improving antioxidant status and acute phase response in mice.

Diprosopus, craniorachischisis, arthrogryposis, and other associated anomalies in a stillborn lamb

Congenital malformations with multiple anomalies have been described infrequently in the veterinary literature. A stillborn male crossbred lamb with diprosopus, craniorachischisis, and arthrogryposis was examined macroscopically and histopathologically in this study. The left head was smaller than the right head. Micrencephaly, agnathia, and a rudimentary tongue, which was adherent to the palate, were present in the left head. Micrencephaly, brachygnathia superior, and cleft palate were present in the right head. Cerebellar agenesis and spinal cord hypoplasia were observed. The cerebrums and the spinal cord were covered with a tapering membranous structure. Neural and dermal tissues were noted to intervene upon microscopic examination of this structure. Disorganization of neurons was observed in both cerebrums, though it was more severe in the left one. This case demonstrates many congenital defects occurring together in a lamb.

Use of immunoperoxidase technique in smears prepared from vaginal secretions in early diagnosis of listerial abortions in cattle.

Listeriosis is a sporadic disease of ruminants that causes meningoencephalitis, septicemia and abortion. In this study, the usefulness of immunoperoxidase technique was investigated in early diagnosis of cattle listerial abortions. For this purpose, 96 smears prepared from vaginal swab samples that were collected from aborting cattle were stained for L. monocytogenes by immunoperoxidase technique. Presence of the agent in vaginal swab samples were investigated by bacteriological culture technique and the results were compared to that of immunoperoxidase technique. A total of 7 samples, 4 out 5 bacteriological culture positive smear samples and 3 out of 91 bacteriological culture negative smear samples, were detected to be positive by immunoperoxidase technique. Compared to bacteriological culture technique, sensitivity and specificity of immunoperoxidase technique was calculated as 80% and 96.7%, respectively. In conclusion, immunoperoxidase technique in smears prepared from vaginal swabs can be used in early diagnosis of listerial abortions since it can give results the same day samples collected, however the technique must be supported by bacteriological culture technique which is performed for bacterial isolation and identification of the agent.