Mustafa Kenan Geçer

Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds in fruits of white ( Morus alba L.) and black ( Morus nigra L.) mulberry genotypes

Mulberries ( Morus spp) are historically grown in particular microclimatic regions in Eastern Anatolia, including Aras valley. In the valley, mulberries are one of the ancient crop and used for several purposes by local people. The aim of the present study was to first time evaluate organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity (TEAC assay, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity). and phenolic compounds of the historical black and white mulberry genotypes growing Aras valley in Turkey. Results showed that, species and genotypes strongly influenced the chemical content and antioxidant capacity ( p <0.05). Malic acid was the main organic acid in all genotypes and ranged from 1.130 to 3.040 g/100 g. Among sugars, fructose and glucose are predominant and were between 4.177 and 7.700 g/100g and 5.337 and 8.573 g/100g in all mulberry genotypes, respectively. The black mulberry genotypes showed remarkably higher antioxidant capacity determined by TEAC assay (10.167 to 14.400 µ mol TE/g) compared to white mulberry genotypes (6.170 to 9.273 µmol TE/g). Chlorogenic acid and rutin was the main phenolic compound.

Organic acids, sugars, phenolic compounds, and some horticultural characteristics of black and white mulberry accessions from Eastern Anatolia

Mulberries, Morus spp., grow in different growing regions of Turkey with a high diversity providing an opportunity to select superior accessions. The goal of the study was to determine the differences in phytochemical components and horticultural characteristics between white and black mulberry accessions in the Igdir province. Fruits of black and white mulberries collected from Igdir province were assayed for various horticultural characteristics including berry width, berry length, berry weight, and berry peduncle length. Samples were also assayed for vitamin C, organic acids (citric, tartaric, malic, succinic, and fumaric), sugars (glucose and fructose), phenolic acids (catechin, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic, ferulic, o-coumaric, p-coumaric, caffeic, syringic, vanillic, and gallic acids), and antioxidant capacity [Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay]. Differences (P < 0.05) were noted between accessions in berry length and berry weight. Malic acid was found to be the predominant organic acid regardless of species. Rutin (for black mulberry) and chlorogenic acid (for white mulberry) were the predominant phenolic acids. Black mulberry had higher glucose and fructose content than white mulberry. Analysis showed that black mulberry had higher content of tartaric acid, malic acid, TEAC, fructose, glucose, catechin, rutin, quercetin, o-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid compared with white mulberry (P < 0.01); however, white mulberry had higher content of succinic acid, vitamin C, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, and gallic acid (P < 0.01). Our results provide a reference for further studies of mulberry fruits in detection of organic acids, sugars, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds. Also, it is clear that we need standardized testing, extraction, and analysis protocols to compare genotypes grown in different countries.

Phenolic compounds, bioactive content and antioxidant capacity of the fruits of mulberry (Morus spp.) germplasm in Turkey

Abstract The study was carried out in 2014 and 2015, and aimed to determine some important biochemical and antioxidant characteristics of the fruits of mulberry (Morus spp.) cultivars and genotypes found in Malatya (Turkey). Phenolic compounds (protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, quercetin, gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, phloridzin and ferulic acid), organic acids, sugars, vitamin C and antioxidant capacity were analyzed in sampled fruits. The results showed that most of the biochemical content and antioxidant capacities of the cultivars and genotypes were significantly different from one another (p < 0.05). Among the phenolic compounds, rutin (118.23 mg 100 g-1), gallic acid (36.85 mg 100 g-1), and chlorogenic acid (92.07 mg 100 g-1) were determined to have the highest values for most of the fruit samples. Malic acid and citric acid were dominant among the organic acids for all the cultivars and genotypes except 44-Nrk-05. Glucose was measured as a more abundant sugar than fructose and sucrose in all samples. Antioxidant capacity, on the other hand, varied between 6.17 and 21.13 μmol TE g-1 among the cultivars and genotypes analyzed.

Bazı Çilek Çeşitlerinin Merzifon (Amasya) Ekolojisindeki Verim Durumlarının Tespiti

Cilek uzumsu meyve grubu icerisinde uretim ve tuketim degerleri bakimindan birinci siradadir. Tuketici taleplerindeki artis, gelistirilen bircok ticari cesit ve degisik iklim kosuluna uyumu sayesinde cilek yetistiriciligi gunden gune artis gostermektedir. Cok sayida gelistirilen cilek cesidinin degisik iklim ve toprak sartlarinda verim ve kalitelerinin degerlendirilmesi ve bu calismalar sonucunda ureticilere onerilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu calisma ile Amasya’nin Merzifon ilcesinde dort ticari cilek cesidinin (Albion, Sweet Charlie, San Andreas, Monterey) verim ozellikleri ve uretim imkanlari incelenmistir. Calismada bitki basina verim en yuksek 307.8 g ile Monterey cesidinde belirlenmis olup bunu 283.7 g ile Albion, 243.7 g ile San Andreas ve 64.41 g ile Sweet Charlie cesidi takip etmistir. Bitki basina meyve sayisi en fazla Monterey cesidinde (26.08 adet) tespit edilmistir. Irilik indeksi bakimindan da Albion cesidi 12.8 g meyve-1 ile en iri meyvelere sahip olurken, en kucuk meyvelere sahip cesit Sweet Charlie (7.39 g meyve-1) olmustur. Suda cozunebilir kuru madde miktari (SCKM) bakimindan cesitler arasinda istatistiksel olarak onemli bir fark gozlenmemesine ragmen en yuksek SCKM icerigi %9.81 ile Monterey cesidinde tespit edilmistir. Calisma ile iklim ve toprak ozellikleri bakimindan bitkisel uretim icin uygun kosullara sahip olan Merzifon ilcesinde cilek uretiminin yapilabilecegi ve ozellikle Albion, Monterey ve San Andreas cilek cesitlerinin yore halki icin alternatif urun olarak degerlendirilebilecegi sonucuna varilmistir.