Mustafa Salih Celik

Whole-body microwave exposure emitted by cellular phones and testicular function of rats

Abstract This study investigated whether there are adverse effects due to microwave exposure emitted by cellular phones in male rats. Eighteen Wistar Albino rats were separated into three groups, a sham group and two experimental groups. The rats were confined in Plexiglas cages and cellular phones were placed 0.5 cm under the cages. In the first experimental group, cellular phones were in standby position for 2 h. In the second experimental group, phones were turned to the speech position three times each for 1 min duration over 2 h. Rats in the first and second experimental groups were exposed to microwaves emitted by phones for 2 h/day for a duration of 1 month. After the last exposure the rats were killed. Brain, eyes, ears, liver, heart, lungs, stomach, kidneys, testes, small and large intestines and skin of the rats were observed histologically. The decrease of epididymal sperm counts in the speech groups were not found to be significant (P > 0.05). Differences in terms of normal and abnormal sperm forms were not observed (P > 0.05). Histological changes were especially observed in the testes of rats of the speech groups. Seminiferous tubular diameter of rat testes in the standby and speech groups was found to be lower than the sham group (P < 0.05). Rectal temperatures of rats in the speech group were found to be higher than the sham and standby groups (P < 0.05). The rectal temperatures of rats before and after exposure were also found to be significantly higher in the speech group (P < 0.05). Specific absorption rate (SAR) was determined as 0.141 W/kg.

Treatment of osteoporosis by long-term magnetic field with extremely low frequency in rats

Background. Osteoporosis is characterised by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue. In this study, the role of long-term extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELFMF) on osteoporosis was evaluated. Methods. The experiments were performed on 45 female Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into three groups (n = 15): Group I (ovariectomy (OVX) + ELFMF exposure), Group II (ovariectomised rats did not receive any treatment) and Group III (cage-control). Six months, 50 Hz, 1.5 mT magnetic field (MF) was used on Group I and Group II. Total body images of the animals were obtained with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results. Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density values were increased significantly in ELFMF group, decreased in the group of OVX and not changed in cage-control. At the end of the 6 months after exposure with ELFMF, alteration in studied biochemical markers were detected significant. Bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) levels were increased in ELFMF and decreased in OVX groups when compared with cage-control group. N-telopeptide levels in OVX group were significantly higher than other groups. Testosterone and cortisol levels in OVX group were significantly higher and estradiol was lower than other groups. Conclusions. Our study suggests that ELFMF may be useful in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Pentoxifylline and electromagnetic field improved bone fracture healing in rats

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX), electromagnetic fields (EMFs), and a mixture of both materials on bone fracture healing in a rat model. Materials and methods Eighty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group A, femur fracture model with no treatment; Group B, femur fracture model treated with PTX 50 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal injection; Group C, femur fracture model treated with EMF 1.5±0.2 Mt/50 Hz/6 hours/day; and Group D, femur fracture model treated with PTX 50 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal injection and EMF 1.5±0.2 Mt/50 Hz/6 hours/day. Results Bone fracture healing was significantly better in Group B and Group C compared to Group A (P<0.05), but Group D did not show better bone fracture healing than Group A (P>0.05). Conclusion It can be concluded that both a specific EMF and PTX had a positive effect on bone fracture healing but when used in combination, may not be beneficial.

Extremely low-frequency magnetic field induces manganese accumulation in brain, kidney and liver of rats.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) on accumulation of manganese (Mn) in the kidney, liver and brain of rats. A total of 40 rats were randomly divided into eight groups. Four control groups received 0, 3.75, 15 and 60 mg Mn per kg body weight orally every 2 days for 45 days, respectively. The remaining four groups received same concentrations of Mn and were also exposed to ELF-MF (1.5 mT; 50 Hz) for 4 h for 5 days a week during 45 days. Following the last exposure, kidney, liver and brain were taken from all rats and they were analyzed for Mn accumulation levels using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. In result of the current study, we observed that Mn levels in brain, kidney and liver were higher in Mn groups than in control groups. Mn levels in brain, kidney and liver were also higher in Mn plus ELF-MF groups than in Mn groups. In conclusion, result of the current study showed that the ELF-MF induced manganese accumulation in kidney, liver and brain of rats.

Examination of Long Term Magnetic Fields on Rat Calvarial and Mandibular Bone Mass

ABSTRACT By means of long term extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF), this study examined the effect of long term magnethic field on rat calvarian and mandibular bone mass. Fourty five female Spraque-Dawley rats were selected for the study. The rats were divided into 3 groups (n=15); ELF MF with 50Hz, 1.5mT was applied for 6 months, 4 hours/day. Total cranial and mandibular bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of rats were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Discovery QDR series, Discovery A, Hologic, Inc.). Measurements were recorded for all groups before and after the applications, all data were collected and analyzed statistically. The variations in Group 1, before and after the ELF MF applications with respect to BMC and BMD were considered significant (p<.01, p<.001). The variations in Group 2, that has bone loss with respect to BMC and BMD were considered not significant (p>0.05). The variations in control group, Group 3, with respect to BMC and BMD were considered significant (p<0.05).

Bioelectrical Parameters of People Exposed to Radiofrequency in Workplace and Houses Provided to Workers

ABSTRACT The affects of radiofrequency (RF) and microwave radiation in workplace have been a subject of continuing investigations. One of the major exposed groups is workers and their families who have been working and living in houses provided to employees of these stations. Therefore, the present study intended to investigate the effect of RF emitted from antenna of 1062 kHz medium wave radio-broadcasting station on bioelectrical parameters of workers and their families living in houses provided to employees of these stations. The study was carried out on 20 men working in radio-broadcasting station, 11 women and 30 voluntary children (Boy: 15, Girl:13) living in houses provided to workers of the station. Five bioelectrical parameters such as resistance, reactance, phase angle, body capacitance and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were measured. E field and power density inside houses was between 0.48 V/m - 2.86 V/m and 0.0001 mW/cm2 - 0.0023 mW/cm2 respectively. However, the average Efield and power density in the playing area of the children was 12.75 V/m and 0.0436 mW/cm2. Average E field and power density in the control room desk and around the workplace was 4.04 V/m, 0.0042 mW/cm2 and 31.88 V/m, 0.348 mW/cm2 respectively. The results of this study showed that the parameters such as phase angle (°), body capacitance (pF) and reactance (Ω) of girl group were decreased according to control group (p<0.01). In conclusion, some bioelectrical parameters of the children who have been living in houses provided to employees of radio broadcasting stations can be affected by radiofrequencies.

The effecTs of exTreMly low frequency MagneTIc fIeld and Mangan To The oral TIssues

ABSTRACT Exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELFMF) originating from daily electrical-electronic appliances and electric lines, is a common thing. Recently, the discussions focused on the topic whether ELFMF had any harmful effects over health or not. Several previous studies displayed that ELFMF significantly increased bone mineral density. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of ELFMF and manganese over mineral accumulation in head and jaw bones of rats. Previous studies showed that manganese plays a significant role over normal development of enamel and dentin alongside contributing to the calcium and phosphorus association. In the present study, the effects of exposure to ELFMF and manganese on mineral density and histology of teeth, were investigated. In the present study, 64 male Wistar albino rats were divided into 8 groups. Amount of mineral elevations were determined in head and jaw bones of the first 6 groups (p<.05) and histologic alterations were found in teeth of rats. The obtained results indicated that ELFMF plays an important role over mineral density and histologic structure of cranial and jaw bones in rats. In conclusion, further epidemiological and experimental laboratory studies are required for more detailed evaluation of the effects of ELFMF on cranial and jaw bones of rats.

The effects of long-term exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields on bone formation in ovariectomized rats

The effects of long-term extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure on bone formation and biochemical markers were investigated in ovariectomized rats. Sixty mature female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four different groups (n = 15): (i) unexposed control (CTL); (ii) ovariectomized only (OVX); (iii) non-ovariectomized, exposed (SHAM + ELF-MF); and (iv) ovariectomized, exposed (OVX + ELF-MF). The third and fourth groups were exposed to 1.5 mT ELF-MF for 4 h a day for 6 months. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined using dual energy X-ray absorption (DEXA) measurements. The formation and resorption of bone were evaluated using bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), osteocalcin, osteoprotogerin, and N-telopeptide. After 6 months of ELF-MF therapy, BMD values were significantly lower in the OVX group and higher in the OVX + ELF-MF and SHAM + ELF-MF groups than they were before therapy (P < 0.001). Although there was no significant difference in BMD values among the groups before therapy, the BMD values increased significantly after 6 months in the OVX + ELF-MF and SHAM + ELF-MF groups and were reduced in the OVX group compared to the CTL group (P < 0.001). The concentrations of BAP, osteocalcin, osteoprotogerin, and N-telopeptide in the three experimental groups also changed in a significant way compared to the CTL group. The results of the present study suggest that osteoporosis can be inhibited by ELF-MF stimulation treatments. It was also concluded that ELF-MF may be useful in the prevention of osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats.

EFFECT OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELD AND MOBILE PHONE EXPOSURE ON NASAL MUCOSA AND NOSE SKIN

ABSTRACT The increasing usage of wireless comunication systems and electric-electronical systems in daily life has caused a concern over possible adverse effects of radio frequency radiation (RFR) and Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields (ELF-MF) on biological systems. The aim of the study was to investigate the long-term effect of900 MHz RFR and ELF-MF exposure on nasal mucosa and nose skin of rats. In this study two different exposure systems were used to get information about the effects of RFR emitted from mobile phones and ELF-MF on nose. In the first part of the study, Twenty one Wistar Albino adult male rats (sham: 7, exposure: 14) were used to determine the effects of 900 MHz RFR on nose. For the exposure group, rat heads were exposed to the 900 MHz RFR 2 h per day (7 days in a week) for 10 months. For the sham group, same process was applied to the rats, except that the generator was turned off. In the second part of the study, 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats (sham: 10, first exposure: 10, second exposure: 10) were used to determine the effects of 100 μT and 500 μT extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF), which complies to the safety standards for public and occupational exposure. The rats in the exposure groups of this part of the study were exposed to 100 μT and 500 μT ELF-MF for 2 hours per day (7 days in a week) during 10 months in a Plexiglas cage. For the sham group, the same experimental process was applied to the rats but ELF-MF generator was turned off. The results of the present study showed that 10 months of exposures of mobile phones and ELF-MF do not affect the mucous membrane and skin of nose. In conclusion, radio frequency and ELF-MF used in this study do not affect nasal skin and mucosa of rats exposed to 900 MHz RFR, 100 μT and 500 μT ELF-MF.