Neuza Maria Brunoro Costa

Qualidade nutricional e escore químico de aminoácidos de diferentes fontes protéicas

SUMMARY NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND CHEMICAL SCORE OF AMINO ACIDS FROM DIFFERENT PROTEIN SOURCES. Proteins are essential for animals, therefore, they must be present in diet, in appropriate amounts. Besides the quantitative aspect, the qualitative aspect should be taken into account, i.e. its nutritional value, which will depend on its composition, digestibility, bioavailability of essential amino acids, absence of toxicity, and of antinutritional factors. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the digestibility in vivo , the chemical score of amino acids (EQ), and the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of the following protein resources: frog meat without bone, frog meat with bone, mechanically separated frog meat (CMS), beef meat, egg powder, casein, wheat, corn, conventional soybean, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor and lipoxygenase free soybean (KTI-LOX- soybean), textured soybean protein (PTS) and beans. Animal proteins presented higher digestibility values than those from vegetables. Frog meat without bone was the protein with the highest protein digestibility of all proteins studied, not differing from casein, CMS, beef and frog meat with bone. Comparing animal proteins, the one of egg powder was the one which presented the lowest digestibility. No animal protein presented essential limiting amino acids when compared to those of FAO/WHO. Beans, conventional soybean, KTI-LOX- soybean and PTS presented sulfurized amino acids (methione+cysteine) as limiting ones. Whereas for wheat and corn, the most limiting amino acid was lysine. KTI-LOX- soybean presented higher PDCAAS values than those of conventional soybean, presenting a possible increase in genetically improved soybean and processed soybean protein quality.

Estresse oxidativo: conceito, implicações e fatores modulatórios

There is evidence that oxidative stress, defined as a persistent imbalance between the production of highly oxidative compounds and antioxidant defenses, leads to tissue damage. Oxygen metabolism generates free radicals and/or non-radical reactive oxygen species. The mitochondria, through the electron transport chain, are the main generator of these species. The antioxidant defense system has the function of inhibiting and/or reducing the damage caused by the deleterious free radicals and/or non-radical reactive oxygen species. This system is divided into enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase), and nonenzymatic. The nonenzymatic system consists of a variety of antioxidant substances, which may be endogenous or dietary. This study proposed to review the main mechanisms of reactive oxygen species generation and the role of the most relevant agents of the antioxidant defense system on the biomarkers of oxidative stress. The main exogenous factors that modulate oxidative stress will also be discussed.O estresse oxidativo decorre de um desequilibrio entre a geracao de compostos oxidantes e a atuacao dos sistemas de defesa antioxidante. A geracao de radicais livres e/ou especies reativas nao radicais e resultante do metabolismo de oxigenio. A mitocondria, por meio da cadeia transportadora de eletrons, e a principal fonte geradora. O sistema de defesa antioxidante tem a funcao de inibir e/ou reduzir os danos causados pela acao deleteria dos radicais livres e/ou especies reativas nao radicais. Esse sistema, usualmente, e dividido em enzimatico (superoxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase) e nao-enzimatico. No ultimo caso, e constituido por grande variedade de substâncias antioxidantes, que podem ter origem endogena ou dietetica. Objetivou-se revisar os principais mecanismos de geracao de radicais livres, bem como a acao dos agentes mais relevantes do sistema de defesa antioxidante, ressaltando suas implicacoes sobre os marcadores do estresse oxidativo. Tambem serao abordados os principais fatores exogenos moduladores do estresse oxidativo.

Peanut digestion and energy balance

Objective:To explore the effects of peanut consumption on fecal energy excretion with a balanced, non-vegetarian diet.Design:Four arm parallel group design (that is, whole peanut (P), peanut butter (PB), peanut oil (PO) or peanut flour (PF) consumption) with one crossover (control and intervention).Subjects:In total 63 healthy men and women from Ghana, Brazil and USA (N=15–16 per group) with an average body mass index of 21.8 kg m−2.Measurements:Percent fat of fecal wet weight daily energy excretion during the control and the treatment periods.Results:Compared to control, the percentage of fat in the feces increased significantly for the P group (5.22±0.29%) relative to the other three groups ((PO=3.07±0.36%, PB=3.11±0.31% (P=0.001), and PF=3.75±0.40% (P=0.019)). The same findings held for kJ g−1 of feces excreted. During the P supplementation period, the energy excretion was 21.4±1.0 kJ g−1 versus 18.7±1.0 kJ g−1 for PO (P=0.034), 18.8±0.7 kJ g−1 for PB (P=0.042) and 18.5±0.8 kJ g−1 for PF (P=0.028).Conclusion:Fecal fat and energy loss is greater with consumption of whole peanuts compared to peanut butter, oil or flour. This may contribute to the less than predicted change of body weight observed with peanut consumption. There were no cultural differences.

Efeito do processamento doméstico sobre o teor de nutrientes e de fatores antinutricionais de diferentes cultivares de feijão comum

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) is an important source of nutrients, however, the presence of antinutrient factors limits its nutritional value. The effect of the domestic processing was evaluated on the content of nutrients and antinutrient factors in five cultivars of beans: White (Ouro Branco), Black (Diamante Negro) and Brown (BRS Radiante, Perola and Talisma). The centesimal composition and the content of minerals, tannins and phytate were evaluated in flours made by raw beans as well as in beans cooked without soaking; cooked with the soaking water or cooked without the soaking water. The content of total, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber and the amino acid profile were analyzed in beans cooked with the soaking water. All the parameters analyzed varied with the bean cultivar. The cooking process affected only the content of tannins and phytate, which were both reduced to a higher extent by cooking without the soaking water. The cooking process increased the content of insoluble dietary fiber and decreased the soluble dietary fiber when compared to the raw samples. Based on the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS), Perola was the cultivar with lowest protein quality and Talisma the highest one.

Growth of preschool children was improved when fed an iron-fortified fermented milk beverage supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus

Food fortification is an efficient strategy applied to overcome iron deficiency anemia. This study investigated the effect of iron fortification with probiotic bacteria in a milk beverage on growth and iron status of preschool children with a usually low-bioavailable-iron diet intake. The fermented milk beverage was fortified with iron amino acid chelate (3 mg iron per 80 mL) and supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus (test) or not (control). The beverage was fed to 190 children aged 2 to 5 years for a duration of 101 days. Anthropometric, hematologic, and nutritional assessments were carried out before and after the intervention. The levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit decreased (P < .001) in both groups (test and control) but remained within the reference range. The children fed the probiotic milk beverage exhibited higher red blood cell status and a positive correlation between iron intake and hemoglobin. An increased serum ferritin level was observed in the control group (P < .001). Nutritional status was improved after intervention in both groups by comparing the indices of weight for age and height for age. However, no difference was observed in the weight for height index in these groups. Energy and nutrient intake increased (P < .001) with intervention, and the prevalence of inadequacy was reduced. The fortified beverage contributed to improved nutrient intake and nutritional status of the preschool children. The higher demand and mobilization of nutrients to offset growth may have contributed to maintain blood parameters at borderline levels.

Effects of peanut processing on body weight and fasting plasma lipids

Peanuts and peanut butter are commonly consumed as a snack, meal component and ingredient in various commercial products. Their consumption is associated with reduced CVD risk and they pose little threat to positive energy balance. However, questions have arisen as to whether product form (e.g. whole nut v. butter) and processing properties (e.g. roasting and adding flavours) may compromise their positive health effects. The present study investigated the effects of peanut form and processing on two CVD risk factors: fasting plasma lipids and body weight. One hundred and eighteen adults (forty-seven males and seventy-one females; age 29.2 (sd 8.4) years; BMI 30.0 (sd 4.5) kg/m2) from Brazil, Ghana and the United States were randomised to consume 56 g of raw unsalted (n 23), roasted unsalted (n 24), roasted salted (n 23) or honey roasted (n 24) peanuts, or peanut butter (n 24) daily for 4 weeks. Peanut form and processing did not differentially affect body weight or fasting plasma lipid responses in the total sample. However, HDL-cholesterol increased significantly at the group level, and total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations decreased significantly in individuals classified as having elevated fasting plasma lipids compared with those with normal fasting plasma lipids. These observations suggest that the processing attributes assessed in this trial do not compromise the lipid-lowering effects of peanuts, and do not negatively impact body weight. Further studies are warranted to determine the effects of form and processing on other health risk factors.

Índices dietéticos para avaliação da qualidade de dietas

The relation between diet and health can be evaluated by the level of some food components (nutrients), kinds of food, group or food groups and eating patterns. The association between these parameters and some chronic diseases can be examined by dietary instruments of global diet assessments and some indices have been considered for this end. The aim of this work was to describe the different indices for assessing diet quality, including the Index of Nutrients, Dietary Variety Score, Dietary Diversity Score, Diet Quality Index, Healthy Eating Index, Diet Quality Index Revised, Alternative Healthy Eating Index, Recommended Food Score, Alternative Mediterranean Diet Score, as well as their derivations. These indices show an improvement in the concept of quality, emphasizing the functional properties of food components related to risk reduction of the most prevalent diseases nowadays.

Qualidade protéica de linhagens de soja com ausência do Inibidor de Tripsina Kunitz e das isoenzimas Lipoxigenases

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was to evaluate the protein quality of soybean flours that differs from each other in relation to the presence of lypoxigenases and/or Kunitzs Trypsin Inhibitor. METHODS: Biological assays with rats were carried out to evaluate Protein Efficiency Ratio, Net Protein Ratio, Net Protein Utilization and the digestibility. The determination of the aminoacid composition of the flours and the estimation of Chemical Score Corrected by Digestibility were carried out. RESULTS: The Protein Efficiency Ratio, Net Protein Ratio, Net Protein Utilization values for the soybean varieties were inferior to the values obtained for casein. Higher digestibility values were obtained for the flours lacking Kunitzs Trypsin Inhibitor than for the flours with Kunitzs Trypsin Inhibitor present, and those were very close to the values of casein. About the determination the aminoacid composition it was verified that the restraining amino acid of this soybean is lysine, not methionine, differently from what literature indicates. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic removal of Kunitzs Trypsin Inhibitor improves soybean protein digestibility considerably. Chemical Score Corrected by Digestibility results did not indicate difference between the flours lacking Kunitzs Trypsin Inhibitor and those derived from flours of lines with Kunitzs Trypsin Inhibitor present, as it was observed by the results of in vivo digestibility.

Effects of peanut oil consumption on appetite and food choice

Objective:Peanut consumption may improve lipid profiles without promoting weight gain. Both properties have been attributed to their high-unsaturated fat content. Mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids reportedly hold stronger satiety value than saturated fats and may help appetite control. This study investigated the effects of chronic peanut oil consumption on appetite and food choice.Research methods and procedures:A total of 129 healthy adults from three countries (Brazil, Ghana and US) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment arms: consumption of peanut oil, olive oil or safflower oil as 30% of individual resting energy expenditure (REE) for 8 weeks or no dietary intervention. Participants received no other dietary guidance. They completed appetite questionnaires eliciting information about hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption during all waking hours for 1 day at weeks 2 and 6 and for 1 or 3 days at weeks 0, 4 and 8. Diet records were completed at weeks 0, 4 and 8.Results:No differences in appetitive ratings were observed over the 8-week trial. There were no significant treatment by time interactions. Total caloric intake was significantly higher at week 8 relative to baseline (F=10.08, P<0.05). The increases for each treatment were: peanut oil=197±114; olive oil=237±121; safflower oil=274±90; control=75±71. Free-feeding intake, an index of dietary compensation, was reduced significantly at weeks 4 and 8 compared to baseline (F=9.08, P<0.00). The declines (compensation scores) were (kcals): peanut oil=−208±105 (46%); olive oil=−235±105 (50%); safflower oil=−186±102 (44%). There were no significant differences across countries in appetite ratings.Discussion:A prior intervention with whole peanuts reported a dietary compensation score of 66% over 8 weeks, this compares to a 46% compensation score observed with peanut oil. Our data suggests that the lipid fraction in peanuts elicits a weak effect on satiety.

Efeito de diferentes doses de flavonóides em ratos hiperlipidêmicos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of baicalein, morin, naringenin, naringin, quercetin and rutin on the increase of HDL cholesterol and triglycerols levels in hyperlipidemic rats. These flavonoids were administered in three doses (5, 10, 15 mg/animal) to male rats of the Wistar strain, with 30 days of life, fed non-purified diet of formula Labina®. The hyperlipidemia was induced by the administration of Triton, in the dose of 300 mg/kg of rat body weight. After 24 hours, the flavonoids were administered, each dose applied in groups of 8 animals. After 48 hours of Triton application, the animals were anesthetized and samples of blood were collected, by heart puncture, in order to determine cholesterol, cholesterol-HDL and triacylglycerols in the serum. The best results in the reduction of the cholesterol were obtained with quercetin and rutin, in the dose of 5.mg, and naringenin, in the dose of 10 mg. Baicalein in the doses of 5 and 10 mg, showed the best responses for cholesterol-HDL. For triacylglycerols, baicalein also presented the best effects, independently of the dose applied.