Norman Scheinberg

A Composite NTSC Color Video Bandwidth Compressor

Predictors operating on video signals sampled at six times the color subcarrier (6f_{c}) have been investigated and compared with predictors operating at three times the color subcarrier (3f_{c}) . When the best 6f_{c} predictor is used with an adaptive delta modulator (ADM) step size generator, the resulting pictures are similar in quality to 3f_{c} predictors operating with a four-level adaptive DPCM quantizer. An ADM coder was implemented in real time. The coder used between 24 and 34 ICs, depending upon the algorithm, and fits on a single 9 in × 6 in PC board. The transmission rate is 21.4 Mbits/s.

Bus encoding scheme to eliminate unwanted signal transitions

As the technology scales down, the increased wire aspect ratio and the reduced spacing between the individual wires within a bus result in increased cross-coupling capacitances. This increases crosstalk noise and power dissipation particularly in wide data buses. We propose an efficient encoding scheme that eliminates correlated switching (coupling transitions) in 4-bit buses and also minimizes self-transitions among the wires in these data busses. Wider data busses are implemented using these 4-bit bus blocks.

A Modified Adaptive Delta Modulator

This paper presents the results of a study in data compression of adaptive delta modulated video signals. The Song mode ADM is first investigated at a sampling rate of 16 Mbits/s and shown not to produce enough redundancy to warrant entropy encoding. We then present a modified adaptive delta modulator algorithm that operates at a sampling rate of 16 Mbits/s and does produce sufficient redundancy to yield a 40-50 percent data compression by using a simple code on 4 bit data blocks. Other techniques such as field interpolation and direct substitution are shown to increase the possible data compression further without noticeable degradation in the two input images used in this investigation. The effects of channel errors in the transmission of packet video over a computer network are considered. A leaky integrator is used to reduce the effects of channel errors in the data bits. We show that the effects of channel errors can be reduced by field interpolating those packets that can be shown to contain errors.

Highly efficient Capacitive De-Ionization (CDI) water purification system using a buck-boost converter

This paper presents a novel method for making Capacitive De-Ionizatrion (CDI) water purification more efficient and cheaper, using a buck-boost DC-DC converter. The energy recovery is superior (51%) versus maximum reported results in the literature (30%) [1]. First, the concept of a CDI cell is introduced. Second, the existing methods for energy recovery are reported showing their advantages and disadvantages. Then, the novel method using a buck-boost converter is presented. Simulation results are provided. Experimental data verified the new technique and agrees with simulation.

Encoding to Reduce Crosstalk Noise and Power Dissipation: A New Closed Formula

Cross coupling capacitance between interconnect lines in a bus contributes to significant power dissipation and noise. To reduce these effects, buses are split into sub-buses and encoding techniques applied to them. In this paper, we present a formula to compare the effectiveness of different bus encoding schemes.

A Simple Predictive Transform Coder for Images

In this paper a simple predictive transform coder is proposed for the processing of images. The coder is intrafield and predicts the coefficients of a two-dimensional Hadamard transform based on the past pels immediately surrounding the transformed block. The cost and performance of the new coder compares well with that of other techniques. For example, a predictive transform coder acting on 2×2 picture blocks and operating at an average bit rate of 2 bits/pel is found to yield significantly better picture quality than that derived from a 2×2 or even a 4×4 Hadamard coder. Also, just as important, the physical implementation of this coder requires from two to three times the number of on-line operations required by a 2×2 Hadamard coder and 1/4 to 1/3 that of a 4×4 Hadamard coder.

Bus encoding schemes using positive correlated switchings in subbuses: A comparison

Bus encoding schemes have been introduced to reduce the power consumption, noise and signal integrity in wide data buses. Negative effects of correlated switching are used to compare the effectiveness of different schemes. In this paper, we also take into account positive effects of correlated switching to compare bus encoding schemes that use subbuses.

Layout issues in bus encoding schemes

With the scaling down of device and interconnect dimensions in very deep submicron technology, the increased wire aspect ratio and the reduced spacing between the individual wires within a bus results in increased cross-coupling capacitances. This increases crosstalk noise and power dissipation particularly in wide data buses. A number of schemes have been proposed that reduce correlated and self-switching among bus wires using additional control signals. We study the impact of layout related issues on some of the bus encoding schemes.