Norman V. Carroll

Estimating the economic burden of food-induced allergic reactions and anaphylaxis in the United States.

BACKGROUND Food allergy is reported to affect 4% to 6% of children and 1% to 2% of adults in the United States. Every year, allergic reactions result in visits to physicians, emergency departments, and hospitals. However, the economic burden of food-induced allergic reactions is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to estimate the direct medical costs and indirect costs of food-induced allergic reactions and anaphylaxis in the United States. METHODS Costs were estimated with a bottom-up approach from a societal perspective: the average cost of illness per patient was calculated and multiplied by reported prevalence estimates. Patients with an inpatient admission, emergency department admission, office-based physician visit, or outpatient visit for a food-induced allergic reaction were identified from a list of federally administered 2006 and 2007 databases by using International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, codes. Indirect costs were quantified by estimating lost productivity in terms of lost earnings caused by absenteeism and mortality of patients or caregivers. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to measure the robustness of the estimates. RESULTS For 2007, direct medical costs were

The economic burden of opioid-related poisoning in the United States

225 million, and indirect costs were

Economic impact of Clostridium difficile infection in a multihospital cohort of academic health centers.

115 million. Office visits accounted for 52.5% of costs, and the remainder was split between emergency visits (20%), inpatient hospitalizations (11.8%), outpatient visits (3.9%), ambulance runs (3%), and epinephrine devices (8.7%). Simulations from probabilistic sensitivity analyses suggested mean direct medical costs were

Comparison of Costs of Community and Mail Service Pharmacy

307 million and indirect costs were

Outcomes Associated with Vasoactive Therapy in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

203 million. CONCLUSIONS The economic burden of allergic reactions caused by food and anaphylaxis was an estimated half a billion dollars in 2007. Ambulatory visits accounted for more than half of the costs.

Patient Shifting as a Response to Medicare Prospective Payment

OBJECTIVE To estimate the yearly economic burden of opioid-related poisoning in the United States. BACKGROUND Rates of opioid poisoning and related mortality have increased substantially over the past decade. Although previous studies have measured the costs of misuse and abuse, costs related specifically to opioid poisoning have not been quantified. This study quantifies the economic burden of opioid poisoning in the United States to help evaluate the economic case for efforts to reverse or prevent opioid poisoning and its associated morbidity and mortality. METHODS Mean costs and prevalence estimates were estimated using publically available datasets. A societal perspective was assumed and accordingly estimated direct medical and productivity costs. Direct medical costs included treatment for opioid poisoning in the emergency department (ED) and inpatient settings, along with emergency transport and drug costs. Productivity costs were estimated using the human capital method and included lost wages due to mortality and absenteeism costs from ED visits and hospitalizations. All costs were inflated to 2011 U.S. dollars. RESULTS In 2009, total costs were estimated at approximately

Good Research Practices for Measuring Drug Costs in Cost-Effectiveness Analyses: A Managed Care Perspective: The ISPOR Drug Cost Task Force Report—Part III

20.4 billion with indirect costs constituting 89% of the total. Direct medical costs were approximately

Impact of Generic and Therapeutic Interchange Incentives on Community Pharmacy

2.2 billion. ED costs and inpatient costs were estimated to be

Increase in Use of Vancomycin for Clostridium difficile Infection in US Hospitals

800 million and

Effectiveness of a Pharmacist-Physician Team-Based Collaboration to Improve Long-Term Blood Pressure Control at an Inner-City Safety-Net Clinic

1.3 billion, respectively. Absenteeism costs were