David A. Holdford

Estimating the economic burden of food-induced allergic reactions and anaphylaxis in the United States.

BACKGROUND Food allergy is reported to affect 4% to 6% of children and 1% to 2% of adults in the United States. Every year, allergic reactions result in visits to physicians, emergency departments, and hospitals. However, the economic burden of food-induced allergic reactions is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to estimate the direct medical costs and indirect costs of food-induced allergic reactions and anaphylaxis in the United States. METHODS Costs were estimated with a bottom-up approach from a societal perspective: the average cost of illness per patient was calculated and multiplied by reported prevalence estimates. Patients with an inpatient admission, emergency department admission, office-based physician visit, or outpatient visit for a food-induced allergic reaction were identified from a list of federally administered 2006 and 2007 databases by using International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, codes. Indirect costs were quantified by estimating lost productivity in terms of lost earnings caused by absenteeism and mortality of patients or caregivers. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to measure the robustness of the estimates. RESULTS For 2007, direct medical costs were

The economic burden of opioid-related poisoning in the United States

225 million, and indirect costs were

Adherence and persistence associated with an appointment-based medication synchronization program

115 million. Office visits accounted for 52.5% of costs, and the remainder was split between emergency visits (20%), inpatient hospitalizations (11.8%), outpatient visits (3.9%), ambulance runs (3%), and epinephrine devices (8.7%). Simulations from probabilistic sensitivity analyses suggested mean direct medical costs were

Content analysis methods for conducting research in social and administrative pharmacy

307 million and indirect costs were

Effect of Technical and Functional Quality on Patient Perceptions of Pharmaceutical Service Quality

203 million. CONCLUSIONS The economic burden of allergic reactions caused by food and anaphylaxis was an estimated half a billion dollars in 2007. Ambulatory visits accounted for more than half of the costs.

Analysis of Empiric Antimicrobial Strategies for Cellulitis in the Era of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus:

OBJECTIVE To estimate the yearly economic burden of opioid-related poisoning in the United States. BACKGROUND Rates of opioid poisoning and related mortality have increased substantially over the past decade. Although previous studies have measured the costs of misuse and abuse, costs related specifically to opioid poisoning have not been quantified. This study quantifies the economic burden of opioid poisoning in the United States to help evaluate the economic case for efforts to reverse or prevent opioid poisoning and its associated morbidity and mortality. METHODS Mean costs and prevalence estimates were estimated using publically available datasets. A societal perspective was assumed and accordingly estimated direct medical and productivity costs. Direct medical costs included treatment for opioid poisoning in the emergency department (ED) and inpatient settings, along with emergency transport and drug costs. Productivity costs were estimated using the human capital method and included lost wages due to mortality and absenteeism costs from ED visits and hospitalizations. All costs were inflated to 2011 U.S. dollars. RESULTS In 2009, total costs were estimated at approximately

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Anticoagulation Strategies in Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes

20.4 billion with indirect costs constituting 89% of the total. Direct medical costs were approximately

Understanding the dynamics of the pharmaceutical market using a social marketing framework

2.2 billion. ED costs and inpatient costs were estimated to be

Teaching the science of safety in US colleges and schools of pharmacy.

800 million and

The Educating Pharmacy Students and Pharmacists to Improve Quality program: Tool for pharmacy practice

1.3 billion, respectively. Absenteeism costs were