Omar Schmildt

Allometric model for estimating leaf area in clonal varieties of coffee (Coffea canephora)

The evaluation of leaf area is required in several agronomic studies given their importance to assess the plant growth. The objective of this study was to use statistical models to estimate leaf area of five clonal varieties of coffee (Coffea canephora) from linear dimensions (length and width maximum). Were used in the studies five varieties of Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner: Emcapa 8111, Emcapa 8121 Emcapa 8131, Emcapa 8141 and at Incaper 8142. The results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that the linear model expresses the best estimate of leaf area. Among the different independent variables adopted, the product of length and greatest width (L.W) was found to be the greatest significance and higher coefficients of determination (R2). The regression equation that best expresses the estimated leaf area for the five clonal varieties is Ŷi = 0.6723 + 0.6779 xi, where xi represents the product of the greatest length and the greatest width of the leaves.

Comparison of methods for classification of the coefficient of variation in papaya

The objective of this work was to study the distribution of values of the coefficient of variation (CV) in the experiments of papaya crop (Carica papaya L.) by proposing ranges to guide researchers in their evaluation for different characters in the field. The data used in this study were obtained by bibliographical review in Brazilian journals, dissertations and thesis. This study considered the following characters: diameter of the stalk, insertion height of the first fruit, plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit biomass, fruit length, equatorial diameter of the fruit, pulp thickness, fruit firmness, soluble solids and internal cavity diameter, from which, value ranges were obtained for the CV values for each character, based on the methodology proposed by Garcia, Costa and by the standard classification of Pimentel-Gomes. The results obtained in this study indicated that ranges of CV values were different among various characters, presenting a large variation, which justifies the necessity of using specific evaluation range for each character. In addition, the use of classification ranges obtained from methodology of Costa is recommended.

OPTIMUM PLOT SIZE AND NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS IN PAPAYA FIELD EXPERIMENT

The aim of this study was to estimate the optimum plot size and number of replications in papaya field experiments. Eleven variables were evaluated in four cultivars of papaya with planting in different seasons between 2011 and 2013 in the north of the Espirito Santo state. Analysis were made from blank test applied to 240 selected for planting season and cultivate plants in commercial fields. The determination of optimum plot size was performed by applying the methodologies of modified maximum curvature and maximum curvature of coefficient of variation. The determination of the number of repetitions was taken from the least significant difference in average 20% and 30%. The optimum plot size proved the same by the two methods studied for most evaluations. The optimum size required differs among cultivars, between variables and between planting seasons, with the largest number of plants was required for the variables number of fruits per plant and yield per plant. We conclude that the optimal number of papaya plants planted in the field is six plants per plot using three replications.

DIVERGÊNCIA GENÉTICA DE CIRIGUELA DO NORTE DO ESPÍRITO SANTO

Os frutos da ciriguela (Spondias purpurea L.) sao muito apreciados devido a excelente qualidade organoleptica, gerando continuo aumento do consumo do fruto in natura ou processado na forma de diversos produtos. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estimar a divergencia genetica entre plantas de ciriguela do Norte do Espirito Santo, com bases em caracteres fisicos e quimicos. Foram selecionados 10 frutos (cor vermelha predominante) de 17 plantas das cidades de Sao Mateus, Linhares, Sooretama e Montanha. Os dados foram submetidos a analise de variância inteiramente ao acaso (ANOVA) para investigar a variabilidade entre as plantas. Com os resultados, observou-se que existe divergencia genetica entre as plantas para todos caracteres avaliados, e a mais divergente e a Planta 1. O metodo hierarquico UPGMA e o metodo de otimizacao Tocher foram parcialmente concordantes na formacao dos grupos heteroticos das plantas. Os caracteres que mais contribuiram para a divergencia genetica foram MP (39,65%), e MF (31,67%).

Divergência genética entre acessos de cajazinho ( Spondias mombin L.) no norte do Espírito Santo

The study of genetic diversity is a fundamental tool in plant breeding programs, providing important information on characterization, conservation and utilization of the genetic resources available. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of 35 cajazinho genotypes (Spondias mombin L.), based on physical and chemical characteristics of fruits. The study evaluated 35 cajazinho genotypes (S. mombin L.) in the north of Espirito Santo. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized design wit 35 treatments and five repetitions to investigate genetic variability among the genotypes of S. mombin. Data were subjected to analysis of variance. Genetic diversity was foung among the S. mombin L. progenies, being the most divergent the progenie C 3. Both the Tocher optimization and UPGMA were partially concordant with the formation of heterotic groups of S. mombin L. progenies; the characteristics that most contributed to the genetic divergence were total titrable acidity (33.33%), fruit weight (28.68%) and the polar diameter (9.80%).

Histological aspects of mini-grafting of passiflora edulis sims. And passiflora mucronata lam.

In Brazil, the main cultivated passion fruit species is Passiflora edulis, which is affected by Fusarium soil fungus. P. mucronata species stands out because it presents resistance to this fungus, being thus an alternative rootstock to yellow passion fruit. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of mini-grafting by top cleft grafting and simple English type grafting, using shoot tips of adult P. edulis plants in clonal rootstocks of P. mucronata. When the rootstocks reached approximately 2.5 mm in diameter and 20 cm in height, grafting was carried out with Parafilm® tape fasteners and silicone clip. At the end of 60 days, histological analysis of the grafting region was performed to verify the formation of the scarring parenchyma tissue (callus). The filling of the mini-grafting cleft by callus was verified; however, there was no differentiation of the new vascular tissue at 60 days after grafting. During the performance of the simple English type grafting using Parafilm® tape, it was extremely difficult to encircle the tape and at the same time to join the bionts so that tissue junction is perfect. Mini-grafting by top cleft grafting using Parafilm® tape fastener is recommended.

CRESCIMENTO IN VITRO DE Cattleya bowringiana O’BRIEN (ORCHIDACEAE) EM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE MACRONUTRIENTES E SACAROSE

Devido as sementes de orquideas apresentarem ausencia de endosperma e baixa taxa de germinacao na natureza e sua propagacao por divisao de touceira ser lenta, o cultivo in vitro tornou-se uma tecnica de propagacao rotineira. Entretanto, um grande numero de fatores influenciam na germinacao e no crescimento in vitro, e apesar de ser uma tecnica muito difundida, o conhecimento sobre os melhores meios para cultivo ainda sao insuficientes. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estudar o efeito de diferentes niveis de macronutrientes e sacarose no crescimento in vitro de Cattleya bowringiana O’Brien. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repeticoes, num esquema fatorial de dois tipos de formulacoes de macronutrientes no meio de cultura Murashige e Skoog (1962), sendo uma concentracao padrao completa e outra com a metade dos macroelementos, e cinco niveis de sacarose (0; 15; 30; 45 e 60 g L-1). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a analise de variância e posterior teste de Scott-Knott, analise multivariada por Tocher e correlacao entre as variaveis. As caracteristicas avaliadas apos seis meses do inicio do experimento foram: comprimento da parte aerea; numero de brotos por plântula; numero de raizes por plântula, comprimento da maior raiz e; materia fresca das plântulas. Constatou-se que o tratamento contendo concentracao padrao completa dos macronutrientes do meio MS foi mais eficiente para todas as variaveis avaliadas, sendo os niveis de sacarose que permitiram melhor crescimento das variaveis estudadas foi a de 30 e 45 g L-1. Assim, recomenda-se o uso de MS com 100% dos sais e sacarose a 30 g L-1 para a propagacao in vitro de Cattleya bowringiana.

Morphophysiology, Phenotypic and Molecular Diversity of Auxin-induced Passiflora mucronata Lam. (Passifloraceae)

Genetic diversity allows identification of potential intraspecific genotypes in the genus Passiflora. The objective of this study was to examine the morphological and genetic diversity of auxin-induced Passiflora mucronata. The experiments were arranged in a complete randomized block design, with a 9 x 2 factorial arrangement (nine genotypes x presence and absence of auxin, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)), with four replicates of 16 cuttings. The rooting and vegetative growth responses were variable. Genotype 5 was more responsive in the absence of IBA and genotypes 3, 8 and 9 were more responsive in the presence of IBA. Auxin increased rooting rate and percentage, reducing the average time of root protrusion in eight days. IBA also contributed to increase photosynthesis and dry root and shoot mass in 55.55 and 44.44% of the genotypes, respectively. The highest relative contribution to phenotypic diversity in the absence of auxin was rate (38.75%) and percentage (20.27%) of rooting, whereas in the presence of auxin was stomatal conductance (23.19%) and root dry mass (20.91%). Similarity was found for phenotypic and molecular divergence in the presence of IBA, in which genotypes 1 and 6; genotypes 5, 8 and 9; and genotype 3 were clustered in distinct groups.

Coeficiente de variação como medida da precisão em experimentos de alface

Faixas de classificacao para coeficiente de variacao (CV) tem sido determinadas em diversos trabalhos cientificos e sao utilizadas como medida de precisao nos experimentos que possuem como referencia a homogeneidade e a variabilidade dos dados. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a distribuicao de CV em diversos experimentos de germinacao e vigor de alface Lactuca sativa L. (GVA), visando, assim, propor faixas de classificacao a serem utilizadas como referencia em pesquisas nessa area. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com 227 valores de CV de experimentos publicados em 37 artigos entre 1995 e 2015 no Brasil. A classificacao das faixas foi feita para as variaveis de maior frequencia nas publicacoes, que sao as seguintes: porcentagem de germinacao (GER), indice de velocidade de germinacao (IVG), altura do hipocotilo (AH) e comprimento de raiz (CR). O teste de normalidade foi utilizado para a selecao da metodologia a ser empregada na proposicao dos limites das faixas de classificacao do CV. Os valores das faixas de classificacao dos coeficientes de variacao (CV) sao diferentes para as diferentes variaveis em estudo. Os limites propostos como baixo CV para as variaveis de GER, IVG, AH e CR tem os valores de CV inferiores a 3,82; 9,33; 5,00 e 10,80%, respectivamente, e, para as mesmas variaveis, os limites propostos como muito altos sao os CV maiores que 27,26; 26,23; 10,90 e 26,82%, respectivamente.

Determinação da área foliar de Passiflora mucronata a partir de dimensões lineares do limbo foliar

A especie Passiflora mucronata apresenta bom potencial para uso como porta-enxerto do maracuja azedo por ser resistente a algumas doencas e, como ornamental, conhecendo-se, no entanto, pouco a respeito de sua fisiologia. A obtencao da area foliar e fundamental em varios estudos agronomicos, sendo um dos importantes instrumentos que avaliam o crescimento de uma planta. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, estudar a modelagem estatistica da area foliar de Passiflora mucronata cultivada nos ambientes casa de vegetacao e em campo, a partir de dimensoes lineares de comprimento e maior largura do limbo. A area foliar observada foi medida com o auxilio do software ImageJ® por analise de imagens digitalizadas das folhas. Foram estimadas equacoes por meio de modelos de regressao linear, potencia e exponencial para os dois tipos de ambiente e verificada a possibilidade de uso de apenas uma equacao que represente a area foliar em plantas dos dois ambientes. As equacoes foram validadas a partir de outras amostras. Conclui-se que a determinacao da area foliar de P. mucronata pode ser feita de forma nao destrutiva com o uso da maior largura do limbo e a equacao AFE = 1,8963 L 1,7275 representa a area foliar tanto para casa de vegetacao quanto para campo.