Paolo Omar Cerutti

Sustainable Forest Management in Cameroon Needs More than Approved Forest Management Plans

One of the main objectives of the 1994 Cameroonian forestry law is to improve the management of production forests by including minimum safeguards for sustainability into compulsory forest management plans. As of 2007, about 3.5 million hectares (60%) of the productive forests are harvested following the prescriptions of 49 approved management plans. The development and implementation of these forest management plans has been interpreted by several international organizations as long awaited evidence that sustainable management is applied to production forests in Cameroon. Recent reviews of some plans have concluded, however, that their quality was inadequate. This paper aims at taking these few analyses further by assessing the actual impacts that approved management plans have had on sustainability and harvesting of commercial species. We carry out an assessment of the legal framework, highlighting a fundamental flaw, and a thorough comparison between data from approved management plans and timber production data. Contrary to the principles adhered to by the 1994 law, we find that the government has not yet succeeded in implementing effective minimum sustainability safeguards and that, in 2006, 68% of the timber production was still carried out as though no improved management rules were in place. The existence of a number of approved management plans cannot be used a proxy for proof of improved forest management.

Cameroon’s hidden harvest: commercial chainsaw logging, corruption, and livelihoods

This article discusses the extent, impacts, and governance dynamics of illegal logging and associated corruption in the chainsaw milling sector in Cameroon and the implications for natural resource management theory and international initiatives, represented by the European Unions Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan. We show that state officials may be collecting some €6 million in informal payments each year, part of which is siphoned into a pyramidal system that manages careers not by merit, but by the price one can pay. We argue that corruption becomes a root cause of policy failures when disillusioned state officials perceive that those at the top of the pyramid do not have the legitimacy needed to promote reforms. Arbitrariness, mistrust, and contradiction then predominate, thus weakening the rule of law. We derive lessons for interventions addressing corruption and its impacts.

Forests, illegality, and livelihoods: the Case of Cameroon

Concern about illegal logging has grown considerably over the past decade. This article contributes to knowledge on the nature, extent, and impacts of illegal logging (IL), with particular focus on livelihoods. We find that the reality of IL is much more nuanced than it has been depicted. We show that the illegal log harvest in Cameroon is smaller than previously thought and that in recent years small-scale operators, forced to operate illegally by an illicit ministerial decision, contributed a significant share of the illegal harvest. We also show the role played by the state in IL. We derive priority areas for interventions that address IL and its impacts.

The Challenges of Redistributing Forest-Related Monetary Benefits to Local Governments: A Decade of Logging Area Fees in Cameroon

SUMMARY The Cameroonian regulatory framework on forest, wildlife and fisheries requires logging companies to pay an Area Fee (AF), half of which must be redistributed to rural councils (40%) and villages (10%) neighbouring the logging concessions. The AF had the main objectives to provide a consistent contribution to the State budget and to improve rural livelihoods through an equitable and effective redistribution of forest-related benefits. After a decade of implementation, and about 85 million redistributed to about 50 councils, the literature unanimously evaluates the livelihood impacts of the distribution of the AF to communities as weak. Less comprehensive assessments have been carried out on the impacts of distribution of the AF to local governments. This paper discusses the potential of the AF as a tool for local development through local councils, with particular attention to the economic, equity and governance issues. One of the most significant findings is that mayors, although elected and unanimously blamed for embezzlements and mismanagement of the AF, are often only scapegoats in a complex political system that does not allow the rural population to directly sanction the misuse of the AF via the current electoral system.

Formalization as Development in Land and Natural Resource Policy

Responding to multiple problems affecting governance of natural resource access and trade, governments implement formalization processes, often driven by the interests of development agencies. In so doing, they interact with the contemporary political, social, and environmental contexts in which resources are extracted, produced, and traded. They also contend with histories of ownership, access rights, market configurations, and practices attached to resources and the lands in which they are located. As development policy, formalization frequently materializes as top-down restructuring based on current social and environmental norms. However, its adoption is often unsuccessful and entails risks including leakage, barriers to small or poor actors, elite capture, and negative effects on women or marginalized groups. The insights herein are informative to current processes of formalization associated with the European Union (EU) timber trade regime and other resource governance efforts. At the minimum, incorporation of adaptive approaches and user-accountable monitoring in such processes are recommended.

The Potential of Sentinel Satellites for Burnt Area Mapping and Monitoring in the Congo Basin Forests

In this study, the recently launched Sentinel-2 (S2) optical satellite and the active radar Sentinel-1 (S1) satellite supported by active fire data from the MODIS sensor were used to detect and monitor forest fires in the Congo Basin. In the context of a very strong El Nino event, an unprecedented outbreak of fires was observed during the first months of 2016 in open forests formations in the north of the Republic of Congo. The anomalies of the recent fires and meteorological situation compared to historical data show the severity of the drought. Burnt areas mapped by the S1 SAR and S2 Multi Spectral Instrument (MSI) sensors highlight that the fires occurred mainly in Marantaceae forests, characterized by open tree canopy cover and an extensive tall herbaceous layer. The maps show that the origin of the fires correlates with accessibility to the forest, suggesting an anthropogenic origin. The combined use of the two independent and fundamentally different satellite systems of S2 and S1 captured an extent of 36,000 ha of burnt areas, with each sensor compensating for the weakness (cloud perturbations for S2, and sensitivity to ground moisture for S1) of the other.

From Farmers to Loggers: The Role of Shifting Cultivation Landscapes in Timber Production in Cameroon

This article focuses on timber sourced from the agricultural areas in the shifting cultivation landscapes of the Central Region of Cameroon. Data about volumes marketed in urban centres, harvesting operations and on-farm timber management are used to discuss the ecological impact of small-scale logging and its sustainability in the long term. An opportunistic association exists between small-scale logging and agricultural land uses, determined mostly by the abundance of valuable species in fallows and on cocoa farms, their easy accessibility and the low price of farmland timber. Farmers apply various strategies to the management of tree resources in fallows and cocoa agroforests, with most felling authorized in fallows and most trees preserved on the cocoa farms. With current agricultural expansion and intensification trends associated with small-scale logging, timber resources on rural land are at risk of depletion with direct consequences for domestic timber supply and the thousands of livelihoods it sustains. Marketing and regulatory changes are needed to encourage the integration of timber production in agricultural management systems.

The socioeconomic and environmental impacts of wood energy value chains in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic map protocol

BackgroundThe vast majority of households in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) depend on wood energy—comprising firewood and charcoal—for their daily energetic needs. Such consumption trends are expected to remain a common feature of SSA’s wood energy production and supply chains, at least in the short- to medium-terms. Notwithstanding its importance, wood energy generally has low priority in SSA national policies. However, the use of wood energy is often considered a key driver of unsustainable management and negative environmental consequences in the humid and dry forests.To date, unsystematic assessments of the socio-economic and environmental consequences of wood energy use have underplayed its significance, thus further hampering policy debates. Therefore, a more balanced approach which considers both demand and supply dynamics is needed. This systematic map aims at providing a comprehensive approach to understanding the role and impacts of wood energy across all regions and aspects in SSA.MethodsThe objective of this systematic map is to collate evidence from studies of environmental and socio-economic impacts of wood energy value chains, by considering both demand and supply within SSA. The map questions are framed using a Populations, Exposure, Comparators and Outcomes (PECO) approach. We name the supply and demand of wood energy as the “exposure,” composed of wood energy production, harvesting, processing, and consumption. The populations of interest include both the actors involved in these activities and the forest sites where these activities occur. The comparator is defined as those cases where the same wood energy activities occur with i) available/accessible alternative energy sources, ii) regulatory frameworks that govern the sector and iii) alternative technologies for efficient use. The outcomes of interest encompass both socioeconomic and environmental impacts that can affect more than the populations named above. For instance, in addition to the direct socioeconomic impacts felt by participants in the wood energy value chain, forest dwellers may experience livelihood changes due to forest degradation caused by external harvesters. Moreover, intensified deforestation in one area may concurrently lead to forest regeneration in another.

Evaluation du secteur du sciage artisanal dans le Bassin du Congo

Le rôLe de La faune dans Le cadre de La sécurité aLimentaire en afrique centraLe : une menace pour La biodiversité ?Au cours des vingt dernières années, les six pays forestiers du bassin du Congo ont conçu et adopté des politiques forestières dans le but, d’une part, de réduire la pauvreté notamment en milieu rural et, d’autre part, de contribuer à l’amélioration de leurs économies nationales et de promouvoir la gestion responsable de la diversité biologique. En effet, dans la région, la gestion des forêts intervient dans un contexte de pauvreté rurale généralisée : on estime que plus de 58 % de ces populations vivent en dessous du seuil de pauvreté (avec 2

Timber certification as a catalyst for change in forest governance in Cameroon, Indonesia, and Peru

/jour), la majorité d’entre elles habitant dans des zones où la forêt tient une place prédominante (World Bank, 2010). Au fil des années, les nouvelles lois ont permis d’améliorer considérablement les méthodes de gestion des forêts. On a constaté une forte augmentation du nombre de concessions forestières gérées au moyen de plans d’aménagement forestier et, surtout, un accroissement des impôts collectés par le Trésor public (Eba’a Atyi et al., 2009). Cependant, la grande majorité de ces réformes politiques se sont concentrées sur les activités forestières industrielles et orientées vers l’exportation, en négligeant la production par sciage artisanal, à plus petite échelle et vendue en grande partie sur les marchés intérieurs et régionaux. Les titres d’exploitation à petite échelle qui autorisent les citoyens à abattre un nombre limité d’arbres, généralement pour leurs besoins personnels et à des fins non commerciales, sont en effet inclus dans tous les cadres légaux de la région. Cependant, ils ne sont pas adaptés aux besoins actuels des scieurs artisanaux et, à ce titre, ils sont rarement sollicités. Par conséquent, le secteur domestique du bois reste en grande partie informel en dépit de son importance. Ses impacts économiques, écologiques et sociaux sont méconnus des ministères et ne sont pas pris en compte dans les statistiques nationales et internationales. Par exemple, pour l’année 2007, les statistiques officielles faisaient état d’une production de bois en Afrique centrale d’environ 8,4 millions de m3 (Eba’a Atyi et al., 2009), le Gabon et le Cameroun étant les plus gros producteurs et la République démocratique du Congo (RDC) le plus petit d’entre eux. Cependant, l’ensemble des données nationales et internationales, notamment celles de la FAOSTAT, de l’UN Comtrade22 ou de l’OIBT, ne concernaient que la production du secteur forestier industriel et orienté vers l’exportation.