Parker N. Hyde

Resistance training interventions across the cancer control continuum: a systematic review of the implementation of resistance training principles

Objectives The primary purpose of this systematic review is to examine the extant resistance training (RT) cancer research to evaluate the proportion of RT interventions that: (1) implemented key RT training principles (specificity, progression, overload) and (2) explicitly reported relevant RT prescription components (frequency, intensity, sets, reps). Design A qualitative systematic review was performed by two reviewers (CMF and PNH) who inspected the titles and abstracts to determine eligibility for this systematic review. Identified papers were obtained in full and further reviewed. Data were extracted to evaluate the application of principles of training, along with specific RT components. Data sources Electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane, PEDro, PsychInfo, Cancer Lit, Sport Discus, AMED, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) and reference lists of included articles from inception to May 2016. Results 37 studies were included. The principle of specificity was used appropriately in all of the studies, progression in 65% and overload in 76% of the studies. The most common exercise prescription (∼50%) implemented in the studies included in this review were 2–3 days/week, focusing on large muscle groups, 60–70% 1 repetition maximum (RM), 1–3 sets of 8–12 repetitions. Conclusions Reporting of RT principles in an oncology setting varies greatly, with often vague or non-existent references to the principles of training and how the RT prescription was designed.

Estimating fat-free mass in elite-level male rowers: a four-compartment model validation of laboratory and field methods.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of fat-free mass (FFM) estimates from two-compartment (2C) models including air displacement plethysmography (ADP), ultrasound (US), near-infrared interactance (NIR), and the Jackson and Pollock skinfold equation (SKF) against a criterion four-compartment (4C) model in elite male rowers. METHODS: Twenty-three elite-level male rowers (mean± SD; age 24.6 ± 2.2 years; stature: 191.4 ± 7.2 cm; mass: 87.2 ± 11.2 kg) participated in this investigation. All body composition assessments were performed on the same day in random order, except for hydrostatic weighing (HW), which was measured last. FFM was evaluated using a 4C model, which included total body water from bioimpedance spectroscopy, body volume from HW, and total body bone mineral via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The major findings of the study were that the 2C models evaluated overestimated FFM and should be considered with caution for the assessment of FFM in elite male rowers. Future studies should use multiple-compartment models, with measurement of TBW and bone mineral content, for the estimation of FFM.

Keto-adaptation enhances exercise performance and body composition responses to training in endurance athletes

BACKGROUND Low-carbohydrate diets have recently grown in popularity among endurance athletes, yet little is known about the long-term (>4wk) performance implications of consuming a low-carbohydrate high fat ketogenic diet (LCKD) in well-trained athletes. METHODS Twenty male endurance-trained athletes (age 33±11y, body mass 80±11kg; BMI 24.7±3.1kg/m2) who habitually consumed a carbohydrate-based diet, self-selected into a high-carbohydrate (HC) group (n=11, %carbohydrate:protein:fat=65:14:20), or a LCKD group (n=9, 6:17:77). Both groups performed the same training intervention (endurance, strength and high intensity interval training (HIIT)). Prior to and following successful completion of 12-weeks of diet and training, participants had their body composition assessed, and completed a 100km time trial (TT), six second (SS) sprint, and a critical power test (CPT). During post-intervention testing the HC group consumed 30-60g/h carbohydrate, whereas the LCKD group consumed water, and electrolytes. RESULTS The LCKD group experienced a significantly greater decrease in body mass (HC -0.8kg, LCKD -5.9kg; P=0.006, effect size (ES): 0.338) and percentage body fat percentage (HC -0.7%, LCKD -5.2%; P=0.008, ES: 0.346). Fasting serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) significantly increased from 0.1 at baseline to 0.5mmol/L in the LCKD group (P=0.011, ES: 0.403) in week 12. There was no significant change in performance of the 100km TT between groups (HC -1.13min·s, LCKD -4.07min·s, P=0.057, ES: 0.196). SS sprint peak power increased by 0.8 watts per kilogram bodyweight (w/kg) in the LCKD group, versus a -0.1w/kg reduction in the HC group (P=0.025, ES: 0.263). CPT peak power decreased by -0.7w/kg in the HC group, and increased by 1.4w/kg in the LCKD group (P=0.047, ES: 0.212). Fat oxidation in the LCKD group was significantly greater throughout the 100km TT. CONCLUSIONS Compared to a HC comparison group, a 12-week period of keto-adaptation and exercise training, enhanced body composition, fat oxidation during exercise, and specific measures of performance relevant to competitive endurance athletes.

Use of B-Mode Ultrasound as a Body Fat Estimate in Collegiate Football Players

Abstract Hyde, PN, Kendall, KL, Fairman, CM, Coker, NA, Yarbrough, ME, and Rossi, SJ. Utilization of B-mode ultrasound as a body fat estimate in collegiate football players. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3525–3530, 2016—The purpose of the present study was to validate a 7-site ultrasound imaging protocol to predict the percent body fat (%BF) in a division I football team. Body composition was estimated by ultrasound, 7-site skinfolds, and the 3-compartment-water (3C-W) model of Siri, using bioimpedance spectroscopy to estimate the total body water and air displacement plethysmography (using BODPOD) to determine the body density. Pearsons product-moment correlation analyses were run to determine correlations between &Sgr;Ultrasound and the criterion 3C-W, and between the &Sgr;Skinfold and &Sgr;Ultrasound. Strong positive correlations were observed between &Sgr;Skinfold and &Sgr;Ultrasound (r = 0.984; p < 0.001). Furthermore, a strong positive correlation was observed between &Sgr;Ultrasound and %BF from 3C-W (r = 0.878; p < 0.001). Based on the significant correlation analysis, a linear regression equation was developed to predict the %BF from &Sgr;Ultrasound, using %BF from the 3C-W model as the dependent variable: %BF = 6.194 + (0.096 × &Sgr;Ultrasound); standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 2.97%. Cross-validation analyses were performed using an independent sample of 29 players. The mean observed %BF from the 3C-W model and the mean predicted %BF were 18.32 ± 6.26% and 18.78 ± 6.22%, respectively. The constant error, SEE, and validity coefficient (r) were 0.87%, 2.64%, and 0.91%, respectively. The total error was 2.87%. The positive relationship between ultrasound measurements and the 3C-W model suggests that ultrasound imaging may be a practical alternative to predicting %BF in division I football players.

Paradox of hypercholesterolaemia in highly trained, keto-adapted athletes

Objective A growing number of ultra-endurance athletes have switched to a very low-carbohydrate/high-fat eating pattern. We compared markers of cholesterol and the lipoprotein profile in a group of elite ultra-runners consuming a high-carbohydrate (HC) or low-carbohydrate (LC) diet. Methods Fasting blood was obtained from competitive male ultra-endurance runners habitually consuming a very low-carbohydrate (LC; n=10) or high-carbohydrate (HC; n=10) diet to determine blood cholesterol profile, lipoprotein particle distribution and sterol biomarkers of cholesterol balance. Results Plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) cholesterol were all significantly greater (p<0.000) in the LC group (65%, 83% and 60%, respectively). There were also significant differences in lipoprotein particle distribution as evidenced by a greater size and concentration of large HDL and LDL particles, and total LDL particle concentration was significantly greater in the LC group, but they had significantly fewer small LDL particles. Conclusion Ultra-endurance athletes habitually consuming a very low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet for over a year showed unique cholesterol profiles characterised by consistently higher plasma LDL-C and HDL-C, less small LDL particles, and lipoprotein profiles consistent with higher insulin sensitivity. There may be a functional purpose to the expansion of the circulating cholesterol pool to meet the heightened demand for lipid transport in highly trained, keto-adapted athletes.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Determine the Effectiveness and Safety of a Thermogenic Supplement in Addition to an Energy-Restricted Diet in Apparently Healthy Females

ABSTRACT The increasing interest in weight loss has seen a concurrent rise in the supplemental use of thermogenics to aid weight loss efforts. To date, the effectiveness and safety of supplemental proprietary blend thermogenics, in conjunction with high-protein energy-restricted diets have not been thoroughly evaluated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a low-calorie, high-protein diet with and without the concomitant use of a thermogenic supplement on body weight and body composition in apparently healthy females. Subjects were divided into three groups, Bizzy Diet+FitMiss Burn (BURN, N = 12), Bizzy Diet+Placebo (PLA, N = 13), and Control (CON, N = 14), and underwent two testing sessions separated by approximately 3 weeks. Resting blood pressure (BP), resting heart rate (RHR), clinical safety markers, body weight (BW), and body composition were assessed during each testing session. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant effect for time relative to BW, total body fat mass (FM), leg FM, and trunk FM. Post hoc analysis revealed that the BURN and PLA groups experienced significant decreases in both BW and total body FM compared to CON (p <.05). There were no significant interactions for BP, RHR, or clinical safety markers over the course of the study. The Bizzy Diet, both with and without the addition of FitMiss Burn thermogenic, appears to be safe for short-term use and may lead to greater improvement in body composition and BW in an apparently healthy female population.

Utilization of non-invasive measures to evaluate eccentric exercise damage in an untrained population

Background One of the most common modes of exercise among males is resistance training. The associated movements among the most common resistance training exercises completed include periods of both concentric and eccentric contraction. Previous research has demonstrated that repeated eccentric contractions of a muscle produce damaging results to the muscles involved. Invasive measures, such as blood draws and muscle biopsies have been utilized to assess skeletal muscle damage in individuals. However, the efficacy of the utilization of Creatine Kinase concentration as a marker of recovery has recently been called into question. Furthermore, biopsies and blood draws may not be applicable to identify muscle damage and recovery in an untrained population for the nutritional or strength and conditioning professional Methods Subjects (n= 19) volunteered to participate in this study and were untrained (resistance training) male college students between the ages of 18-30. Untrained criteria consisted of less than two years lower body resistance training. Prior to completion of the study participants completed a health history questionnaire. Participants were asked to refrain from physical activity for the duration of the study. The first day of testing included completion of a muscle soreness scale (DOMS), range of motion (ROM) of the dominant knee, swelling of the vastus lateralis (SWVL) via ultrasound (Terason T3200), Peak force measurement using an isokinetic dynamometer, a fatiguing exercise protocol on the dynamometer (a total of 50 eccentric contractions set at 120% of peak MVC force with an angular velocity of 60°/sec), followed immediately by post-test measurements of DOMS and peak force. The peak force measurement was determined using an isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the quadriceps on the dynamometer with the knee joint held at 45°. The participants were then asked to return to the lab 24, 48 and 72 hours later. Each returning visit included a battery of tests comprising of measurements of DOMS, ROM, SWVL-Terascape, SWVL-Long, SWVL-Trans and peak force. Repeated measures ANOVAs (placebo vs. multi ingredient supplement) were used to analyze changes in peak power, intramuscular swelling, DOMS, and ROM. The alpha level was set at p≤ 0.05. Consent to publish the results was obtained from all participants. Results