Paul-André Rosental

How International Organisations Compete: Occupational Safety and Health at the ILO, a Diplomacy of Expertise

How International Organisations Compete: Occupational Safety and Health at the ILO, a Diplomacy of Expertise During the twentieth century the domain of industrial medicine and industrial diseases has been a scene of crucial struggles at the transnational level. Based on the cases of silicosis and pneumoconiosises the article examines the role of international institutions in this process (ILO, LoN, WHO, ECSC). As the relationships between Luigi Carozzi, Albert Thomas and Ludwik Rajchman show, their interactions mix cooperation and concurrence and consequently have an impact on the internal structure. Changes in the action models are the result and the taking into account of immission loads and a global work environment as well as the relations between industrial hygiene and industrial security, is partially to be considered as a result of this game in which diplomacy and expert knowledge, but also the pressure of employers, trade unions and erudite associations and societies come into operation. The concept of health at work leads us to consider the European Union as the inheritor of these dynamics which were conceived to articulate social protection and health protection with the free play of market forces.

Familial components of first migrations after marriage in nineteenth-century France

To what extent did kin, notably parents and siblings, influence the risk of migration in nineteenth-century France? Personal networks and migratory chains have become a key explanation of mobility since Hägerstrand’s pioneering work. Hägerstrand used microhistorical data to highlight the role of networks in migration in and from Sweden. He showed their importance in explaining one of the deepest mysteries in migration studies: why do emigrants from villages go directly to certain destinations rather than to closer alternatives with similar economic opportunities? Hägerstrand’s ideas helped us to understand why some poor countries have few out-migrants to wealthy countries while others experience massive moves, why industrialized countries attract migrants from specific countries and not others, or why all migrants coming from a specific valley, after travelling across oceans or continents, settle into the same city. A striking contemporary example is the settlement of Chinese migrants from two cities (Wenzhou and Quingtian) in France in the 1990s: they reunited with a group of kin descended from Chinese workers recruited for arms factories and excavation work during the First World War. Explaining migration through analysing kin networks poses two problems, which we address here:

Prevalence and incidence of interstitial lung diseases in a multi-ethnic county of Greater Paris

The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence and incidence of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) in Seine-Saint-Denis, a multi-ethnic county of Greater Paris, France. Patients with ILDs were identified between January and December 2012 by using several sources; all potentially involved medical specialists from public and private hospitals, community-based pulmonologists and general practitioners, and the Social Security system. Diagnoses were validated centrally by an expert multidisciplinary discussion. 1170 ILD cases were reported (crude overall prevalence: 97.9/105 and incidence: 19.4/105/year). In the 848 reviewed cases, the most prevalent diagnoses were sarcoidosis (42.6%), connective tissue diseases associated ILDs (CTDs-ILDs) (16%), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (11.6%), and occupational ILDs (5.0%), which corresponded to a crude prevalence of 30.2/105 for sarcoidosis, 12.1/105 for CTDs-ILDs and 8.2/105 for IPF. The prevalence of fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, merging IPF, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and cases registered with code J84.1 was 16.34/105. An adjusted multinomial model demonstrated an increased risk of sarcoidosis in North Africans and Afro-Caribbeans and of CTDs-ILDs in Afro-Caribbeans, compared to that in Europeans. This study, with a comprehensive recruitment and stringent diagnostic criteria, emphasises the importance of secondary ILDs, particularly CTDs-ILDs and the relatively low prevalence of IPF, and confirms that sarcoidosis is a rare disease in France. ILD prevalence reaches 97.9/100000, with a fairly low prevalence of IPF and a high contribution of secondary ILDs http://ow.ly/vLXq30bssKR

Health and Safety at Work: An Issue in Transnational History – Introduction

the idea that social insurances and Welfare States are the outcome of an interactive process between nations gets more and more recognition. This shift, though, often remains programmatic. Beyond a few individual remarkable cases, declarations of intent are still dominant. By contrast, to date there have been few consistent collective attempts to constitute an articulate body of knowledge to grasp one single issue in the history of social protection.2 The present volume tries to provide such an analysis in the case of health and safety at work. This issue not only articulates social and sanitary questions. It concerns a field that has been historiographically booming for about the last two decades. History of risks at work allows one to look anew at classical topics of social history, such as migration, trade unions’ strategies or workers’ agency. It also engages with the growing worries about the human-created global hazards that threaten the viability of the planet, and with the increasing hygienic sensitisation to the sparing of the body over the life cycle. Nicolas Hatzfeld illustrates this concern in the present volume with the spectacular case of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDS), a range of troubles attributed to the nature of a job. MSDS are the fastest growing occupational diseases today. Additionally, the focusing on occupational hazards is a way for historians to explore forms of the politicisation that have become most visible since the end of the twentieth century. They are less based on wide-ranging, abstract or eschatological ideologies, and more rooted in day-to-day experience, local action and protest. Finally, health and safety at work highlight one grey zone of Welfare States that has been neglected for too long. In all industrialised countries, in spite of deep national variations among systems of financial compensation, occupational injuries 169

Pays ruraux et découpage de l'espace : les réseaux migratoires dans la région lilloise au milieu du XIXe siècle ?

Lemercier Claire, Rosental Paul- Andre. -«Paises» rurales y division del espacio: las redes migratorias en la region de Lille a mediados del siglo XIX La movilidad rural en la Francia del siglo XIX se conoce relativamente mal. Com- parandola con el exodo rural, a menudo se la cualifica como «micro-movilidad». A partir del ejemplo de un centro urbano destacado, la futura area metropolitana de Lille-Roubaix- Tourcoing, alrededor de 1 850, un analisis estructural de redes aplicado a las relaciones entre municipios muestra la importancia de los campos migratorios locales. Contrariamente a las previsiones de los modelos gravitatorios, el mundo rural se compone de conjuntos de municipios con vinculos intensos. Tales conjuntos dividen el espacio sin llegar a formar «parses» (en terminos geograficos) o «grupos» (en terminos de analisis de redes). Su compacidad es heterogenea, y pone en evidencia la variada morfologia espacial. Los resul- tados, obtenidos a traves del metodo de los block-models, muestran la importancia de la frontera lingiiistica que separa las migraciones internas de flamencos y francofonos; tam- bien explican la formacion de suburbios y municipios alrededor de las grandes ciudades, de- terminan la importancia relativa del sedentarismo y de las migraciones de corta o larga distancia y redefinen el papel de la red urbana en la movilidad.

Truncating a disease. The reduction of silica hazards to silicosis at the 1930 international labor office conference on silicosis in Johannesburg

The current nosology and etiology of silicosis were officially adopted by the 1930 International Labor Office (ILO) Conference on silicosis in Johannesburg. Convened by the International Labor Office and by the Transvaal Chamber of Mines, it paved the way to the adoption of a 1934 ILO convention which recognized silicosis as an occupational disease. Even though it constituted a social and sanitary turning point, the Johannesburg conference, strongly influenced by South African physicians working for the gold mining industry, reduced silica hazards to silicosis, an equation which is questioned nowadays. While the definition of silicosis adopted in 1930 was a major step in the recognition of occupational pneumoconioses, it also led to the under-identification of some pathogenic effects of silica. Going back to history opens new avenues for contemporary medical research.

Socioenvironmental factors of communicable and non-communicable diseases

From a clinical case of a tuberculosis diagnosed in Rennes in a Congolese patient, we highlight the need for new socioenvironmental variables to apprehend hazards in social contexts. Beyond the traditional aggregate variables describing socioeconomic characteristics, a collaboration between epidemiology, clinical care, immunology and the social sciences helps rethink a contagious disease as a social one. From industrial fatigue in the 19th factories to other forms of hardship in the 21st century.

Treize ans de réflexion : de l'histoire des populations à la démographie historique (France, 1945-1958)

Rosental (Paul-Andre).- Trece aňos de reflexion : de la historia de las poblaciones a la demografia historica (Francia, 1945-1958) La demografia historica no aparecio de la nada. Antes de su exito, que fecharemos en 1958, Louis Henry se situa en el seno de una area fertil, en la cual coexisten о se enfrentan una pluralidad de modelos. Durante los primeros aňos de la posguerra, la mayoria de estos modelos, generados tanto por historiadores como por demografos y geografos, toman como fuente los diferentes tipos de enumeracion establecidos en el pasado. Es solo en los aňos cincuenta que la idea de reconstruir series estadisticas, pasando por los registres parroquia- les, triunfa. Los debates que, durante todo el periodo estudiado (1945-1958), giran entorno a la cuestion de la periodicidad, permiten definir las modalidades de esta evolucion. Mues- tran que, frente a programas a menudo fecundos y coherentes, el rigor tecnico de Louis Henry no habria sido suficiente para encontrar la aceptacion de los historiadores : fue nece- saria tambien su capacidad de integrar en su terna las problematicas de los diferentes prota- gonistas, asi como las divisiones entre historiadores, que le permitieron imponer su famoso Metodo, y a partir de este dar inicio a la demografia historica.

Silica-associated systemic sclerosis in 2017: 60 years after Erasmus, where do we stand?

Dear Editor, We read with interest the article entitled BOccupational and environmental scleroderma. Systematic review and metaanalysis^ by Rubio-Rivas et al. [1] which constitutes one of the largest meta-analysis ever done before in occupational and environmental systemic sclerosis (SSc) and concludes that crystalline silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) and solvents are the two most likely substances related to the pathogenesis of SSc. From these results, authors hypothesize that while silica is involved in particular jobs, solvents are widespread and more people are therefore at risk of having incidental contact with them. This conclusion seems to play down SiO2 involvement in SSc. We would like to discuss this statement. Although it is well recognized that SiO2 is an ubiquitous air contaminant, occupational exposure to this chemical substance probably remains largely underestimated. Its use in many industrial fields and processes may be rather invisible which can contribute to conceal its hazard [2]. Beyond mining industries, exposure to crystalline silica appears to be significant in other sectors such as building activities, agriculture, foundries, or textile transformation (denim sandblasting) [3, 4]. The building collapses due to the attacks on the World Trade Center exposed thousands of rescue/recovery workers and residents to inorganic dusts, leading to a major occurrence of autoimmune disorders in the highly exposed groups [5]. The growing use of high-silica-content (> 90% SiO2) materials in manufacturing artificial stone products, has entailed local clusters of silicosis-associated autoimmune diseases, including silica-associated SSc [6]. Para-occupational and non-occupational exposures to crystalline silica also do exist and include daily life activities such as non-occupational use of scouring powder, handling and washing of dusty clothes, and do-it-yourself hobbies practiced repetitively without protections. These activities are almost never recorded in questionnaires used for case-control or cohort studies [1]. As SiO2 constitutes the major mineral component of earth crust, with heterogeneous silica contents in different types of soils, some authors have suggested that these geological differences could explain some spatial heterogeneity in SSc prevalence, subsequent to different passive environmental exposures by inhalation [7]. In rheumatologic and pathophysiological perspectives, recent studies have highlighted the association between exposure to SiO2 and visceral manifestations of SSc, such as pulmonary fibrosis and diffuse cutaneous involvement [8]. However, in these studies, as in all studies included in Rubio-Rivas’meta-analysis [1], the classification criteria used to select SSc patients were the 1980 ACR or LeRoy’s classification criteria for SSc. The updated 2013 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for SSc offer higher specificity and sensitivity to select patients earlier in the disease process and with a smaller visceral involvement [9]. New cohort studies based on the 2013 criteria are needed to precise the role of SiO2 in * Alain Lescoat alain.lescoat@chu-rennes.fr

La nouveauté d'un genre ancien : Louis Henry et la fondation de la démographie historique

Pourquoi Louis Henry a-t-il cree une discipline scientifique, la demographie historique, qui domine l’histoire des populations des annees 1950 aux annees 1980, en remontrant meme a l’ecole des Annales? Au-dela de l’historiographie et de l’histoire des theories demographiques, la reponse suppose une histoire de l’Etat, des politiques publiques, des institutions demographiques et des politiques de population. Apres 1945, les organisations internationales, notamment la Division de la population a l’Onu, donnent a la demographie analytique a la Lotka une assise planetaire. Elles s’interessent particulierement a la fecondite. Le baby-boom des pays riches remet en cause l’idee de previsions demographiques, la notion de transition demographique, et menace les systemes d’allocations familiales. L’expansion de la population mondiale souleve la question du controle des naissances dans les pays en developpement. Les demographes souhaitent determiner la « fecondite naturelle », qui serait celle de populations ne pratiquant pas la contraception, mais butent sur les problemes d’enregistrement statistique dans le Tiers-Monde. Pour Henry, les registres paroissiaux de l’Ancien Regime permettent de les surmonter. L’actualite du probleme est telle qu’Alfred Sauvy a l’Ined accepte de financer ses etudes, et que les grands demographes de son epoque comme Notestein, Glass ou Hajnal sont d’emblee convaincus que la demographie historique apporte une contribution majeure a la demographie theorique.