Paulo Ademar Martins Leal

Contents of commercial organic compound in the production of passiflora seedlings in different types of protected cultivation

Contents of commercial organic compound mixed with soil were used as substrate in the production of Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg. seedlings. The experiment was carried out in the Aquidauana Campus at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, from September to December of 2007. Six environments were used: plastic greenhouse with height of 2.5m; nursery with height of 2.5m covered by shade net with black monofilament of 50% shading rate; nursery with height of 2.5m covered by Aluminum shading screen with shading rate of 50%; nursery with height of 1.8m covered by straw of native coconut; plastic greenhouse with height of 4.0m, zenith opened and thermal shade netting from Aluminet® under the roof and nursery with height of 3.5m covered by shade net with black monofilament of 50% shading rate. Five commercial organic compound contents of 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28%, mixed with soil were used. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized split-plot scheme where the environments were principal plot and substrates were subplots. The greenhouse with height of 4.0 m, the nursery with height of 3.5 m and the nursery covered with coconut fibers showed the best seedlings. The contents of 7%, 14% and 21% of commercial organic compounds were viable for composition of the substrates with local soil.

Modelo de simulação da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior de estufa plástica

A simulacao dos parâmetros climaticos de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior de uma estufa plastica, por meio do balanco de energia, pode propiciar ao produtor uma ferramenta de auxilio na tomada de decisao. Nesse proposito, realizou-se uma simulacao das condicoes no interior de estufa plastica, em funcao de parâmetros externos e internos a ela. A simulacao revelou uma temperatura no interior da estufa plastica de 23,6 oC, e os sensores revelaram um valor medio de 24,1 oC para o periodo de cultivo da alface. Para a umidade relativa no interior da estufa plastica, o valor simulado foi de 61,6%, e o obtido com o auxilio de sensores foi de 66,0%. Os valores simulados apresentaram-se proximos dos valores obtidos pelos sensores, mostrando que o modelo pode ser usado para a estimativa da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior da estufa plastica.

Ambientes protegidos e substratos com doses de composto orgânico comercial e solo na formação de mudas de Jatobazeiro em Aquidauana-MS

The Brazilian Cerrado has numerous fruit species with economic potential for exploitation in commercial cultivation. In this context an experiment was developed with jatoba-do-cerrado seedlings at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul / Aquidauana-MS, from October 29th , 2009 to February 25th , 2010, in a greenhouse covered with polyethylene film of 150μm, light diffuser, with thermal reflective screen of 50% of shading under film, front and side with monofilament screen of 50% of shading and the nursery with black monofilament screen of 50% of shading and closing of 45 degrees. In these environments the plants were grown in plastic pots of 5.0 L filled with 100% of soil, 100% of organic compound and levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 of organic compound added to the soil. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized split-plot scheme with five replications. In both environments, plants have emerged more rapidly, higher growth and more biomass accumulation in the substrate without addition of organic compound. In this substrate the plants developed better in the greenhouse. The seedlings did not show positive response at the organic compost levels. The organic compound used increased the pH of the substrates, showed excess of certain nutrients and did not contribute to an effective seedling growth.

Efeitos do Organosuper® e do ambiente protegido na formação de mudas de mamoeiro

The objective of this research was to evaluate contents of organic compounds and protected environment in the formation of papaya seedling. The experiment was carried out in 2007 from September to December. The environments were: plastic greenhouse with height of 2.5m; nursery with height of 2.5m covered by shade net with black monofilament of 50% shading rate; nursery with height of 2.5m covered by Aluminum shading screen with shading rate of 50%; nursery with height of 1.8m covered by straw of native coconut; plastic greenhouse with height of 4.0m covered by zenith opened and thermal shade net under the roof, and nursery with height of 3.5m covered by shade net with black monofilament of 50% shading rate. Five commercial organic compound named ORGANOSUPER® (made of residues of cold storage room, sugar cane bagass, fruits, vegetables, and cereals) contents of 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28%, mixed with soil. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized split-plot scheme, with ten replications. In the greenhouse with height of 2.5 m there were the highest accumulation of dry biomass in papaya with substrates containing 0, 7 and 14% Organosuper®; the greenhouse with height of 4.0 m, and zenith opening, screen under thermo-reflective film, showed the largest plants, with larger leaves for substrates with 7 and 14% Organosuper®; 50 days after sowing the substrates 7, 14 and 21% favored the development of plants, higher number leaves and fresh and dry biomass. The substrates with over 21% and without organic compound were improper for development of the papaya seedling.

Estudo de simulações de microclimas em casas de vegetação visando à aclimatação de mudas micropropagadas de bananeira cv Grande Naine

In acclimatization processes, the environment control takes over a part of vital importance, since in in vitro condition banana seedlings do not efficiently operate the absorption of light, water and nutrients. Therefore, they should be submitted to controlled environments under feasible conditions of luminosity, temperature (around 28oC, with minimum of 18oC and maximum of 34oC), and relative humidity above 75%. For this purpose, it was installed five mini tunnels with controlled temperature and relative humidity. For the control of temperature it was used pad-fan evaporative coolers at 28/25oC. For the control of relative humidity it was used fogging during the day at 75% under intermittence of 6s at each 40s. For temperature and relative humidity monitoring, it was installed three aspirate psychrometers in each mini tunnel connected to a data logger for daily acquisition every 60s. Temperature and relative air humidity were adequate for plants development, however significant differences were observed between the different environment conditions. For luminosity study, under transparent plastic film (low density polyethylene) of 100µm thickness, it was used four meshes with average shading in the PAR spectrum band (400 to 700nm) of 69.92%, 50.73%, 29.73%, and 57.77%, being the first three in red color (with top level at 580nm, and abrupt reduction after that), the fourth mesh was black (linear behavior). The fifth tunnel had only transparent plastic film, showing 12.74% of solar radiation interception. These values were obtained from paired samples (mesh and plastic film) for the first four tunnels, and only the transparent plastic film for the last, using a spectral radiometer (400 to 1100nm), with spectral resolution of 2nm. Inside and outside of each environment it was obtained global and PAR irradiance by using calibrated photovoltaic sensors at 9:00, 12:00, and 3:00, under clean and cloudy sky, during the summer of 2004/05, and winter of 2005. The red mesh presented differentiated transmittances at the PAR spectrum band which established an interesting material for acclimatization studies. Results show bigger reductions on the PAR spectrum band for the red mesh, regardless of time, solar radiation, or seasons, which agree with the results obtained by the spectral radiometer

ESTUDO TEÓRICO DO RESFRIAMENTO COM AR FORÇADO DE FRUTAS DE GEOMETRIAS DIFERENTES

This paper presents a numerical study for obtaining cooling curves of orange Valencia (Citrus sinensis O.) and banana Prata (Mussa Balbisiana Colla), in different positions along the bed and conditioned in package with 40% of effective opening area. The fruits were pre-cooled in a forced-air system (1.933m3/h), at 1°C and 7°C, RH= 88,4 ± 2,0% and air velocity around 1m/s. A two-dimensional mathematical model was applied, assuming prolate spheroid coordinate, to characterize the transient heat transfer process inside the fruits considering convective profile conditions at the surface of the body. The generated equations were numerically solved by finite-volume method. The convective heat transfer coefficients were obtained using the least square method by comparison between experimental and numerical data. The comparative analysis of the theoretical and experimental curves presented a satisfactory agreement, with error between 5% and 7%. It was noted that the convective heat transfer coefficient changes with the fruits position in the bed and cooling time present a variation of approximately 38% among the different points. The spatial distributions of temperature inside the fruits, for three times, demonstrate the existence of a temperature differential between the center and the surface of 30%, approximately. The model predicts that the cooling rate is in the extremes of the banana. The Bi and Fo numbers obtained represent very well the heat transfer process in the fruits under different relationships of volume/area.

Production of baruzeiro seedling in different protected environments and substrates

The high seedlings quality is essential for deployment of homogeneous orchards. This study evaluated the baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata Vog) seedlings formation on different substrates within protected environments. It was used substrates with100% of cattle manure; 100% of cassava stems; 100% of vermiculite; 50% of cattle manure + 50% of cassava stems; 50% of cattle manure + 50% of vermiculite; 50% of cassava stems + 50% of vermiculite; and + ⅓ of cattle manure + ⅓ of cassava stems + ⅓ of vermiculite. These substrates were tested in protected areas: greenhouse; black shade net of 50% shading; and aluminized thermo-reflective screen of 50% shading. A completely randomized experimental design with five replicates of four plants was adopted. Initially, data were submitted to analysis of individual variance of the substrates, in each environment of cultivation, then performing the evaluation of the residual mean square and the analysis of these environments together for comparison. The best substrate for baruzeiro seedlings was pure vermiculite. The substrates with 100% of manure and the substrate with 33.33% of the mixed studied materials can be used for seedlings formation. The environment with screen can be indicated for the production of baruzeiro seedlings, since it gave vigor to the seedlings.

Formação de mudas de mamão em ambientes de cultivo protegido em diferentes substratos

The cultivation of fruits in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, lacks information on the potential of seedlingproduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of papaya cultivar Sunrise Solo, in industrializedsubstrates and soil. The experiment was carried out in the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Aquidauana,from 18/11/2008 to 05/01/2009. Three protected cultivation environments, three sizes of polyethylene bags and sixsubstrates were used in the treatments. The experimental design was a complete randomized in a split-plot scheme. Theresults showed that the 15.0 x 21.5 cm bag (1539.8 cm

Phosphorus availability of rock phosphates as compared with feed-grade phosphates for swine

Cento e noventa e dois leitoes foram usados em um experimento para avaliar a biodisponibilidade relativa do fosforo (RBP) em seis fontes fosfaticas. As fontes foram tres fosfatos de uso em nutricao (FP), dois fabricados no Brasil e um nos Estados Unidos, e tres amostras de fosfatos de rocha (RP), originados de duas minas brasileiras e uma mina situada em Israel. Os niveis de calcio (Ca), fosforo (P) e fluor (F) nos fosfatos de rocha foram 29, 12 e 1,7% (fonte RP 1), 33, 14 e 1,4% (fonte RP 2) e 30, 14 e 3,6% (fonte RP 3), respectivamente. Os suinos foram alimentados com uma dieta basal de milho e farelo de soja (18% PB, 0,95% Lis, 0,75% Ca, 0,37% P) ou dieta basal contendo 0,15% P a partir de um fosfato bicalcico purificado padrao (SP), ou com 0,15% P a partir das fontes experimentais FP ou RP. Cada dieta foi fornecida a seis baias (replicatas) com quatro leitoes durante 35 dias (14,4 a 39,9 kg). O ganho de peso (WG), a conversao alimentar (FG), o P plasmatico (PP), as cinzas osseas (BA) e a resistencia ossea a quebra de metacarpos e metatarsos (BS-MM) e femures (BS-F) melhoraram com a adicao de fosforo as dietas. Contudo, o desempenho e os parâmetros osseos pioraram com o uso dos fosfatos de rocha, em comparacao a suplementacao dietetica de FP. A analise de regressao dos dados de WG, BA, BS-MM e BS-F em relacao ao P adicional foi realizada e foram calculadas slope-ratios para avaliar a RBP nas fontes de FP e RP. A biodisponibilidade media do P nas fontes FP e RP, relativas ao SP (com valor atribuido de 100), foram 89 e 49% (WG), 112 e 49% (BA), 78 e 28% (BS-MM), e 101 e 52% (BS-F), respectivamente. Baixos desempenho e resistencia ossea relacionados a toxicidade devem ser esperados se fosfatos de rocha forem utilizados na alimentacao de suinos.

Resfriamento de banana-prata com ar forçado

This work presents the cooling curves for bananas Prata, (Musa balbisiana Colla), and determinates half-cooling and seven-eight cooling times and the cooling rate. Bananas were kept in a cold room with a forced-air system at 7oC and RH = 87.6±3.8%. The experiment was conducted in a 2x2 factorial design, to test the effects of two flow rates (factors) of air passing through the product, and two types of boxes (levels). The statistical analysis was performed at p<0.10. The air flow rates were 1933 and 1160 m3/h and the boxes differed from each other by the area of openings, allowing more or less contact of the cooling media with the product (boxes with 40% or 3,5% of opening area). Significant differences were observed between cooling times of the product. The shortest cooling time was reached when the product was packed in a box with 40% of opening area and with the largest air flow rate of 1933 m3/h. The longest cooling time was obtained using a box with 3,2% of opening area and with the smallest air flow of 1160 m3/h. The results demonstrated the influence of the package opening area and the air flow on the cooling rate of bananas. The average time cooling was 117 min at 555 min in the different treatments. There is no statistical difference on weight loss.