Paulo Roberto Cavalcanti Carvalho

Kinetics of Hypotension during 50 Sessions of Resistance and Aerobic Training in Hypertensive Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial

Background Resistance and aerobic training are recommended as an adjunctive treatment for hypertension. However, the number of sessions required until the hypotensive effect of the exercise has stabilized has not been clearly established. Objective To establish the adaptive kinetics of the blood pressure (BP) responses as a function of time and type of training in hypertensive patients. Methods We recruited 69 patients with a mean age of 63.4 ± 2.1 years, randomized into one group of resistance training (n = 32) and another of aerobic training (n = 32). Anthropometric measurements were obtained, and one repetition maximum (1RM) testing was performed. BP was measured before each training session with a digital BP arm monitor. The 50 training sessions were categorized into quintiles. To compare the effect of BP reduction with both training methods, we used two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for the BP values obtained before the interventions. The differences between the moments were established by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results The reductions in systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were 6.9 mmHg and 5.3 mmHg, respectively, with resistance training and 16.5 mmHg and 11.6 mmHg, respectively, with aerobic training. The kinetics of the hypotensive response of the SBP showed significant reductions until the 20th session in both groups. Stabilization of the DBP occurred in the 20th session of resistance training and in the 10th session of aerobic training. Conclusion A total of 20 sessions of resistance or aerobic training are required to achieve the maximum benefits of BP reduction. The methods investigated yielded distinct adaptive kinetic patterns along the 50 sessions.

Somatotypes, risk factors and waist-height ratio in physically active individuals

Introduction: The relationship between physical type and cardiovascular risk has been studied in several populations worldwide. In Brazil, studies evaluating this relationship are scarce, especially when physically active individuals are concerned. Objective: To analyze the relationship of the somatotype with cardiovascular risk factors and waist-height ratio (WHtR) in physically active individuals. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 280 individuals, users of the jogging track at the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) in Recife, PE, Brazil. To identify the level of physical activity, we used the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Individuals classified as very active, active or irregularly active A or B were included in the sample. Physically inactive individuals were excluded from the analysis. The somatotype was estimated by the anthropometric protocol proposed by Carter and Heath (1990). We determined as cardiovascular risk factors smoking, alcohol consumption, and blood pressure (BP). We used descriptive statistics to characterize the sample, and then used a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: No significant relationship for the variables smoking and alcohol consumption. In the analysis of BP (Pillai’s trace = 0.082; F=8.187; p<0.05) and WHtR (Pillai’s trace = 0.298; F=39.081; p<0.05) there was statistical significance for the somatotype. Conclusions: The physical type was positive and significantly related to BP and WHtR, showing that this anthropometric indicator can be used for early prediction of the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.INTRODUCCION: La relacion entre el tipo de cuerpo y el riesgo cardiovascular, se ha estudiado en varias poblaciones de todo el mundo. En Brasil, los estudios de evaluacion de esta relacion son escasos, sobre todo cuando se trata de personas que practican actividades fisicas. Objetivo: Analizar la relacion entre el somatotipo y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, y la razon cintura-estatura (RCEst) en practicantes de actividad fisica. METODOS: Se trata de un diseno transversal descriptivo. La muestra consistio en 280 sujetos, usuarios de una pista de Cooper de la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil. Para identificar el nivel de actividad fisica, se utilizo la version corta del Internacional Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Los individuos clasificados como muy activos, activos o irregularmente activos A o B se incluyeron en la muestra. Se excluyeron los sujetos fisicamente inactivos. El somatotipo se estimo mediante el protocolo antropometrico de Carter y Heath (1990). Se determinaron como factores de riesgo cardiovascular el tabaquismo, el consumo de alcohol y la presion arterial (PA). Se utilizo estadistica descriptiva para caracterizacion de la muestra y luego se utilizo el analisis multivariado de varianza (MANOVA), con un nivel de significacion de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Ninguna relacion significativa fue identificada para las variables tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol. En el analisis de la PA (Pillais trace = 0,082; F = 8,187; p < 0,05) y RCEst (Pillais trace = 0,298; F = 39,081; p < 0,05), se verifico una significacion estadistica para el somatotipo. CONCLUSIONES: El tipo fisico fue positivo y significativamente relacionado con la PA y la RCEst, demostrando que este indicador antropometrico puede ser utilizado para predecir precozmente el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular.

Somatotipo, factores de riesgo y razón cintura-estatura en individuos físicamente activos

Introduction: The relationship between physical type and cardiovascular risk has been studied in several populations worldwide. In Brazil, studies evaluating this relationship are scarce, especially when physically active individuals are concerned. Objective: To analyze the relationship of the somatotype with cardiovascular risk factors and waist-height ratio (WHtR) in physically active individuals. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 280 individuals, users of the jogging track at the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) in Recife, PE, Brazil. To identify the level of physical activity, we used the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Individuals classified as very active, active or irregularly active A or B were included in the sample. Physically inactive individuals were excluded from the analysis. The somatotype was estimated by the anthropometric protocol proposed by Carter and Heath (1990). We determined as cardiovascular risk factors smoking, alcohol consumption, and blood pressure (BP). We used descriptive statistics to characterize the sample, and then used a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: No significant relationship for the variables smoking and alcohol consumption. In the analysis of BP (Pillai’s trace = 0.082; F=8.187; p<0.05) and WHtR (Pillai’s trace = 0.298; F=39.081; p<0.05) there was statistical significance for the somatotype. Conclusions: The physical type was positive and significantly related to BP and WHtR, showing that this anthropometric indicator can be used for early prediction of the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.INTRODUCCION: La relacion entre el tipo de cuerpo y el riesgo cardiovascular, se ha estudiado en varias poblaciones de todo el mundo. En Brasil, los estudios de evaluacion de esta relacion son escasos, sobre todo cuando se trata de personas que practican actividades fisicas. Objetivo: Analizar la relacion entre el somatotipo y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, y la razon cintura-estatura (RCEst) en practicantes de actividad fisica. METODOS: Se trata de un diseno transversal descriptivo. La muestra consistio en 280 sujetos, usuarios de una pista de Cooper de la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil. Para identificar el nivel de actividad fisica, se utilizo la version corta del Internacional Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Los individuos clasificados como muy activos, activos o irregularmente activos A o B se incluyeron en la muestra. Se excluyeron los sujetos fisicamente inactivos. El somatotipo se estimo mediante el protocolo antropometrico de Carter y Heath (1990). Se determinaron como factores de riesgo cardiovascular el tabaquismo, el consumo de alcohol y la presion arterial (PA). Se utilizo estadistica descriptiva para caracterizacion de la muestra y luego se utilizo el analisis multivariado de varianza (MANOVA), con un nivel de significacion de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Ninguna relacion significativa fue identificada para las variables tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol. En el analisis de la PA (Pillais trace = 0,082; F = 8,187; p < 0,05) y RCEst (Pillais trace = 0,298; F = 39,081; p < 0,05), se verifico una significacion estadistica para el somatotipo. CONCLUSIONES: El tipo fisico fue positivo y significativamente relacionado con la PA y la RCEst, demostrando que este indicador antropometrico puede ser utilizado para predecir precozmente el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular.

Somatotipo, fatores de risco e razão cintura-estatura em indivíduos fisicamente ativos

Introduction: The relationship between physical type and cardiovascular risk has been studied in several populations worldwide. In Brazil, studies evaluating this relationship are scarce, especially when physically active individuals are concerned. Objective: To analyze the relationship of the somatotype with cardiovascular risk factors and waist-height ratio (WHtR) in physically active individuals. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 280 individuals, users of the jogging track at the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) in Recife, PE, Brazil. To identify the level of physical activity, we used the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Individuals classified as very active, active or irregularly active A or B were included in the sample. Physically inactive individuals were excluded from the analysis. The somatotype was estimated by the anthropometric protocol proposed by Carter and Heath (1990). We determined as cardiovascular risk factors smoking, alcohol consumption, and blood pressure (BP). We used descriptive statistics to characterize the sample, and then used a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: No significant relationship for the variables smoking and alcohol consumption. In the analysis of BP (Pillai’s trace = 0.082; F=8.187; p<0.05) and WHtR (Pillai’s trace = 0.298; F=39.081; p<0.05) there was statistical significance for the somatotype. Conclusions: The physical type was positive and significantly related to BP and WHtR, showing that this anthropometric indicator can be used for early prediction of the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.INTRODUCCION: La relacion entre el tipo de cuerpo y el riesgo cardiovascular, se ha estudiado en varias poblaciones de todo el mundo. En Brasil, los estudios de evaluacion de esta relacion son escasos, sobre todo cuando se trata de personas que practican actividades fisicas. Objetivo: Analizar la relacion entre el somatotipo y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, y la razon cintura-estatura (RCEst) en practicantes de actividad fisica. METODOS: Se trata de un diseno transversal descriptivo. La muestra consistio en 280 sujetos, usuarios de una pista de Cooper de la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil. Para identificar el nivel de actividad fisica, se utilizo la version corta del Internacional Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Los individuos clasificados como muy activos, activos o irregularmente activos A o B se incluyeron en la muestra. Se excluyeron los sujetos fisicamente inactivos. El somatotipo se estimo mediante el protocolo antropometrico de Carter y Heath (1990). Se determinaron como factores de riesgo cardiovascular el tabaquismo, el consumo de alcohol y la presion arterial (PA). Se utilizo estadistica descriptiva para caracterizacion de la muestra y luego se utilizo el analisis multivariado de varianza (MANOVA), con un nivel de significacion de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Ninguna relacion significativa fue identificada para las variables tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol. En el analisis de la PA (Pillais trace = 0,082; F = 8,187; p < 0,05) y RCEst (Pillais trace = 0,298; F = 39,081; p < 0,05), se verifico una significacion estadistica para el somatotipo. CONCLUSIONES: El tipo fisico fue positivo y significativamente relacionado con la PA y la RCEst, demostrando que este indicador antropometrico puede ser utilizado para predecir precozmente el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular.