R. M. Longo

Uso da adubação verde na recuperação de solos degradados por mineração na floresta amazônica

This work had the goal of evaluating (a) The use of legumes and grasses employed in green fertilizing; (b)The incorporation of organic matter through the addition of organic compounds and (c) The effects of chemical fertilizing and lime application in the recovery of areas degraded by tin mining in the Jamari National Forest (RO). The experiment was set up in December, 1999. The experimental design adopted consisted of casualized blocks with 24 treatments according to a 6x4 factorial scheme, composed by six types of plantcoverage (Brachiaria humidicula, Cajanus cajan, Mucuna aterrima, Cajanus cajan + Bra- chiaria humidicula, Mucuna aterrima + Brachiaria humidicula, and bare soil), and four types of fertilizer in the pit (NPK 10-10-10; 50% tailing + 50% compound; 50% tailing + 50% compound + NPK 10-10-10; 50% tailing + 50% compound + NPK 10-10-10 + dolomite lime. The soil samples were collected superficially (0-20 cm) and used for chemical and physical analyses in 144 installments, 15 months after planting, right after the rains fall periods. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (p < 0,05) when test F proved significant, the Tukey test was applied for comparison of the averages of six repetitions. The chemical characteristics were the only ones to present significant differences between treatments. The chemical and organic fertilizing, as well as the lime application, contributed for these differences, and the treatments that received lime presented a series of improvements in soil, such as an increase in pH, in the levels of Ca, Mg, in CTC, SB and V% and a decrease in H+Al when compared to the others. However, when the level of organic matter was analyzed, the physical parameters and the biological aspects studied did not present differences between treatments, even in those where fertilizing was intensively associated to the planting of green manure and the introduction of forest species, indicating that the improvements in the physical attributes of the soil in tailing areas must happen at a slower pace.

USE OF SELF-ORGANIZING MAPS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENT GROUPS OF RECLAMATION SITES IN THE AMAZON FOREST-BRAZIL

Brazil has the third largest reserve of contained tin, around 12.3% of the amount produced in world, being a large part of these reserves located in the Amazon region. As a result of this mineral wealth, the Amazonian ecosystem has been suffering a rapid process of environmental degradation since the sixties. In this sense, given the mining adverse consequences to the environment, Brazilian Constitution obligate the land reclamation of degraded areas by mining and it has been performed by the majority of the mining companies. However, given the environment complexity and its relationship with the biological diversity, there is a great necessity of better understanding in assessment of evolution of these degraded areas in recovery. Thus, the present work had as objective identifying different groups of degraded areas in reclamation process by means of soil texture, biochemistry and vegetation indicators. The data was analyzed through Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Self Organizing Maps (SOMs). The results showed four different groups and it was identified a relationship between the different textures soils as a result to the recovery method applied.

Environmental diagnosis in areas with different use and occupation using the perception of diverse biological activity

In Brazil, the degradation of soil and landscape by urban and agricultural frontiers expansion leads to the need for comprehensive studies and consider the diverse biological activities generated from different interventions in the landscape, becoming an instrument for assessing the impacts and the decision for its environmental management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different forms of occupation of the landscape, considering ecological elements and their interactions. The work was carried out on the Instituto Agronomico in the county of Jundiai, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The area under study has been subjected to different use and occupancy for a period of about 40 years. During this period the landscape has been transformed, with the current scenario can be classified as a degraded area mining; grassy area; Araucaria forest and pasture. These areas were evaluated by means of a transect, from which ten sampling sites were selected for the description of diverse biological activities, which included: evaluation and description of ground cover, identifying the presence of fungus and insect species. Furthermore, we evaluated in these points the pH, fertility and porosity of the topsoil (0-0.10 m). The results showed a variation of the elements analyzed and a relationship between the use and occupation of land in the different scenarios of Environmental Impact 129 www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line) WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, Vol 162,

Restoration of a degraded area using soil tillage systems in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

In Brazil the intensive agriculture use, mainly pasture, is the main cause of the presence of extensive areas of degraded lands. This study aimed to assess the impact of different soil management practices in a pasture degraded area used as garbage disposal. The experiment was performed at the Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, in Campinas, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, from 1990 to 1996. This area has undergone a process of recovery through removal of trash deposited on the surface, in 1985, levelling of soil, followed by application of limestone, subsoiling, planting of legumes (Crotalaria juncea) and crop rotation (soybean and maize). Since 1990 only popcorn maize was grown and established plots managed with different soil tillage systems, including harrow, chisel plow, moldboard plow, no tillage, disk plow and revolving hoe. One plot was planted exclusively with guinea grass (Panicum maximum) to serve as a reference for minimum loss of soil and another grown on a downhill direction to correspond to the expected maximum erosion. There were differences in sediment loss, nutrient loss and productivity of the popcorn maize in the period analyzed. The chisel plow and no tillage treatments caused the slightest loss of soil and nutrients, compared to other tillage systems. The results show that the soil management systems influenced the physical and chemical characteristics of soil, allowing an economical and environmental recovery of the area, providing the conditions for grain agricultural production.

Choice Of Revegetation Techniques For Degraded Areas Using Environmental Damage Assessment In The Amazon Forest, Brazil

The success in environmental recovery process is highly dependent on the knowledge of the characteristics of the new environment formed. Knowledge about historical degradation, activities developed, aspects and negative environmental impacts of human activity, allied with the characteristics of the new environment formed, allows the definition of effective strategies to the environmental recovery process. In this sense there is a necessity to develop more effective techniques and proposals for environmental recovery in degraded areas especially those that are located in regions with high environmental relevance, and explored by activities which promote a high degree of change in the environmental components. This paper presents a methodology for recovery of mined areas, using the assessment of environmental damage to define the recovery strategies. The work was developed in the Amazon ecosystem in a region explored by Cassiterite mining. The environmental damage was assessed in terms of the physical and biotic environment components, listed from the environmental aspects and impacts of historical exploration. Physical and chemical analyzes of degraded substrates were used to support zoning processes and to select the recovery activities. The methodology allowed identifying different degraded conditions in substrates, and determining the most affected environmental components. It was possible to define appropriate actions to recover the location, consolidating a methodology to manage degraded areas by mining and other activities with similar levels of environment alteration.

Indicators Of Soil Degradation In Urban Forests:Physical And Chemical Parameters

The fragmentation of forest habitats in urban areas has aroused increasing interest in recent years according to the growing environmental problems. The fragmentation of theses ecosystems is caused, in general, by the pressure of housing, agriculture and industry, causing losses in biodiversity and problems of soil degradation in the border areas of theses remnants. The establishment of indicators of soil degradation becomes essential for the implementation of conservation and reclamation. This study analyzes physical and chemical characteristics of soil under different forms of vegetation in the forest surrounding the Quilombo Forest, located in Campinas/SP – Brazil, and examines the possibility of using these indices as indicators of environmental degradation in urban remnants. The parameters analyzed were: specific weight natural ( n), specific weight of solids ( s) Ca, P, K, Mg, pH, organic matter, H + Al, Sum of Base (SB) Percent Base Saturation (V%), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) . The study shows that in general the different forms of land used in the study area significantly changed (or according to) the physical aspects of soil The porosity and voids of the soil stood out as the best indicators of soil physical degradation in the layer 0-20 cm deep. In relation to chemical indices, the soil under the cultivation of cane sugar had a significantly higher pH, K, Ca, Mg and sum of bases. The areas of forest showed higher levels of phosphorus, organic matter and CEC, indicating the importance of maintaining vegetation and replacement for the cycling of organic matter.

NEURO-FUZZY MODELING: A PROMISING ALTERNATIVE FOR RISK ANALYSIS IN URBAN AFFORESTATION MANAGEMENT

1 Received on 04.11.2016 accepted for publication on 12.12.2017. 2 Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, São José dos Campos, SP Brasil. E-mail: <adrianobressane@ymail.com> and <adriano.bressane@ict.unesp.br>. 3 Prefeitura Municipal de Nova Prata, Nova Prata, RS Brasil. E-mail: <florestal@novaprata.gov.br>. 4 Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo Brasil. E-mail: <carloshbiagolini@ig.com.br>. 5 Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Sorocaba, SP-Brasil. E-mail: <roveda@sorocaba.unesp.br> and <sandra@sorocaba.unesp.br>. 6 Universidade Católica de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Ambiental, Campinas, SP Brasil. E-mail: <felipe_fengler@hotmail.com>. *Corresponding author.

Environmental assessment using landscape analysis methodology: the case of the Jundiaí Mirim river basin, Southeast Brazil

Environmental damage and impacts from anthropogenic activities has led to the need for methodological development for its evaluation to subsidize environmental and human health management models. In this context, landscape analysis is a technique that incorporates a set of methods and procedures for understanding and explaining the structure, properties, indexes and parameters influenced by the occupation and use of the land. The main goal of this research was to present an environmental assessment methodology to represent the landscape, in simplified form, in order to identify environmental damage and impacts, to establish criteria and to propose management models for the Jundiai Mirim river basin, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. This approach integrates fundamental methodological procedures through compartmentation, stratification, highlighted elements, characterization and evaluation of the landscape, considering physical, biotic and anthropogenic indicators. The results show its potential for educational, research and extension proposals because of its simple and expeditious character. Therefore it was possible to obtain a landscape efficiency index, clear and objective, that promoted the understanding of the landscape. As guidelines for the river basin management we highlighted soil conservation plans, solid waste management and sanitation in urban areas, and land use planning to protect the supply reservoir of Jundiai city.

Water use efficiency as an indicator of environmental impact of irrigated crops under subtropical conditions

Water use efficiency (WUE) is an indicator that integrates aspects related to environment, technology, economy and agronomy, so it has a potential to be used in the analyses of the sustainability in agriculture. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the WUE as an indicator of environmental impact for irrigated beans, under sub-tropical climate. The experiment was performed in the city of Campinas, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. WUE was assessed in the bean crop sown in the field, under two planting densities: 14 plants m -2 and 28 plants m -2 . A third treatment, corresponding to a planting density of 25 plants m -2 , was performed in four lysimeters, under an optimized soil and water management that permitted a potential yield to the variety of bean evaluated. Evapotranspiration was measured along the cycle from the water balance and the WUE observed in the field was compared to that measured in the lysimeters, generating an efficiency index. The WUE did not differ statistically (P < 0.05) among the treatments, reaching 0.630 kg m -3 , 0.693 kg m

Soil erodibility assessment in a pasture and forest remnant using the Inderbitzen device

Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Sorocaba, Av. Tres de Marco, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, CEP 18087180, SP, Brasil