Rafael -Patrón Rodríguez

Dystonia and tremor secondary to thalamic infarction successfully treated with thalamotomy of the ventralis intermedius nucleus

Focal thalamic lesions have been associated with a variety of involuntary movements such as tremor, dystonia, and chorea‐ballism.

Rentabilidad de la biopsia ampliada con 10 muestras prostáticas: Estudio prospectivo sobre 222 pacientes

Resumen es: Objetivo: Actualmente no esta establecido ni el numero de muestras ni de biopsias para el correcto diagnostico del cancer prostatico. Presentamos nuestra...

Estudio ultrasonográfico de las masas renales de pequeño tamaño

OBJECTIVES: To perform an update on the usefulness of ultrasound in the study of small size renal tumors and its current possibilities. METHODS: We review the results of ultrasound in this pathology with the addition of the most recent technological advances such as a harmonic digital converters and power color Doppler. We analyze its contribution to the differential diagnosis of the cystic pathology, to the definition of solid masses, to the detection and characterization of small size masses, and to the definition of the vascular patterns of various tumors. RESULTS: Ultrasonography offers a diagnostic safety of 98% in cystic masses, being able to detect them from 0.5 cm diameter in favourable conditions. The differential diagnosis of multiloculated masses, multivesicular hydatid cyst, multiloculated cystic nephroma, and multiloculated cystic carcinoma still poses great difficulty, the same way it happens with other radiological tests. For solid masses, the greater image resolution has lead to a progressive increase in the incidental detection of tumors and the percentage of patients candidates to conservative surgery due to the decrease in size. It is easy to differentiate between adenocarcinoma and angiomyolipoma, up to 85% of the cases, but the rest of the tumors do not have specific characteristics. For small size masses, smaller than 3 cm, ultrasound sensitivity is clearly inferior to CT scan. Power color Doppler helps to confirm the existence of solid masses and helps a better differential diagnosis with pseudo tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The modern ultrasound techniques provide a high cost-effectiveness both in detection and definition of the nature of small size renal masses.

TOLERANCIA Y COMPLICACIONES DE LA BIOPSIA TRANSRECTAL ECODIRIGIDA PROSTÁTICA AMPLIADA A DIEZ CILINDROS. PAPEL DEL BLOQUEO DE HACES NEUROVASCULARES CON LIDOCAÍNA

OBJECTIVES The growing interest on increasing the number of biopsy samples during ultrasound guided prostatic biopsies moved us to evaluate the tolerability and complications of the extensive biopsy with/without blockage of neurovascular bundles. METHODS A group of 222 patients underwent prostatic biopsy with the aim to obtain 10 cores on each. After evaluation of the first 50 cases performed without anesthesia, decision was taken to proceed with neurovascular blockage with 2% lidocaine, comparatively evaluating both groups for results on tolerability, complications and global adverse events. RESULTS The aimed number of cores could not be completed in 16% of the patients without anesthesia in comparison with 2.33% with anesthesia (p < 0.002); the biopsy was qualified as painful or very painful by 10.9% and 1.9% respectively (p < 0.0002). The results of the visual analogical scale for pain were 2.46 +/- 1.67 and 4.5 +/- 2.11 for the anesthesia/without anesthesia groups respectively, with mild-moderate vagal reactions in 28% of these latter in comparison with 7.7% in patients receiving lidocaine. Rectal bleeding was the most worrying complication, being moderate-severe in 4.7% of the patients, with 2% hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS The increase in the number of ultrasound guided prostatic biopsy samples may be associated with a higher frequency of complications, mainly bleeding, and requires the application of local anesthesia due to worse tolerance. Neurovascular bundle blockage with lidocaine is very effective to diminish biopsy associated pain.Resumen es: OBJETIVO: El creciente interes por ampliar el numero de muestras obtenidas durante la biopsia transrectal ecodirigida prostatica nos ha hecho evaluar la ...

RESULTADOS DE UNA SERIE DE 6000 PACIENTES CON BIOPSIA TRANSRECTAL ECODIRIGIDA DE PRÓSTATA. PARTE I: ANATOMÍA PATOLÓGICA, TACTO RECTAL, ECOGRAFÍA TRANSRECTAL Y PSA.

Resumen es: OBJETIVOS: Analizar los resultados de la Biopsia Transrectal Ecodirigida (BTE) prostatica realizadas en 6000 pacientes asi como su relacion con los difer...

Results of a series of transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate in 6000 patients: Part II: PSA derived parameters

Resumen es: OBJETIVO: En esta serie se revisan los resultados de 6000 pacientes biopsiados en una o mas ocasiones por sospecha de CP, analizando el papel que puedan ...

Criocirugía (Tercera Parte): Revisión de la literatura y nuestra experiencia (II)

Resumen es: OBJETIVOS: La criocirugia es una tecnica verdaderamente mini-invasiva, eficaz para tratar el adenocarcinoma de prostata con riesgo quirurgico escaso, nul...

Papel de la ecografía transrectal en crioterapia y braquiterapia prostáticas

OBJECTIVES: Transrectal ultrasound is the method that gives a direct image of the prostate, its limits, structural and morphologic anomalies, and anatomical relations. Therefore, prostate volume is easily determined, being the first step for the application of certain therapeutic procedures. Prostatic cryotherapy and brachytherapy have been developed over the last years as minimally invasive options for the treatment of prostate cancer. Transrectal ultrasound of the prostate has allowed the application of these technologies in the daily practice, guaranteeing high efficacy and safety indexes. Cryosurgery is the controlled freezing of tissues. Prostatic transrectal ultrasound is the only method able to show the real-time evolution of prostatic cryoablation, allowing the urologist to control the evolution of the ice ball and to reach the targeted anatomical structures guaranteeing the oncological objectives, and diminishing complications and sequels. Brachytherapy, as a local intraprostatic radiotherapy, needs exact volume and dose calculations before the implant of the radioactive source within the gland. With transrectal ultrasound of the prostate, ultrasound-tomographic cuts are made for prostatic volume calculation and planimetry Once dosimetry is completed, real-time transrectal ultrasound control is necessary to perform the implant of the needles loaded with the seeds. Today, prostate cryotherapy and brachytherapy would be inconceivable without transrectal ultrasound.

Biopsia transrectal ecodirigida de próstata: aportación de una unidad urológica de diagnóstico ecográfico tras 10 años de experiencia

OBJECTIVES: Although transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) prostatic biopsy is the procedure of choice for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PC), neither the ideal number of cores nor the number of repeated biopsies, nor the required diagnostic yield have been established. After our experience of ten years with TRUS biopsy we perform a review of the technique and its indications. METHODS: PSA, ultrasound features, and pathologic data of 6000 patients undergoing modified sextant TRUS biopsy between 1994 to December 2002 were collected. 222 patients undergoing ten-core TRUS biopsy were included in an experimental group to study the role of the extended biopsy. The contribution of the extra cores to the diagnostic yield in the experimental group was studied to determine the effectiveness of the extended biopsy, using as a control group 552 patients undergoing sextant TRUS biopsy during 2002. Both groups were comparable for the study variables at the start of the study. RESULTS: The incidence of PC in the first biopsy in the group of 6000 patients was 39.1% (2345/6000). Patients with PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml have an incidence of PC greater than 50% among prostates smaller than 20 cc, diminishing down to 8.9% in those greater than 50 cc. The percentage of PC among patients with negative digital rectal examination (DRE), normal TRUS, and PSA below 4 ng/ml was 16.7%. The diagnostic yield for PSA density lower than 0.11 ng/ml/cc was lower than 8%. The free/total PSA ratio shows a 13.7% incidence of PC with values higher than 0.24. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the only non-significant parameter was free/total PSA. Sixty (27.15%) patients of the extended TRUS biopsy group had PC. Only 2.25% of the 221 patients benefited from the augmented number of biopsies. There were no significant differences in the figures of prostate cancer between groups. Only PSA and volume where significant in the multivariate logistic regression analysis; number of samples, PSA density and age lacked of influence in the detection of PC. CONCLUSIONS: The sextant biopsy model obtaining cores from the lateral horns of the prostate continues to be the reference for TRUS biopsy, and the extended biopsy is not applicable to all patients from the beginning do to the small increase in the diagnostic yield. Isolated PSA may not be the unique reference to indicate TRUS biopsy, being volume, in our experience, a definitive factor for the adjustment of high risk levels.

Papel del volumen prostático en la biopsia transrectal ecodirigida de próstata: ¿es un marcador tan importante como el PSA?

Resumen es: Resumen.- OBJETIVO: La limitacion del PSA para identificar a los pacientes con cancer prostatico ha hecho que se definan diferentes parametros que aument...