Ramjee Pallela

Anti-photoaging and Photoprotective Compounds Derived from Marine Organisms

Marine organisms form a prominent component of the oceanic population, which significantly contribute in the production of cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical molecules with biologically efficient moieties. In addition to the molecules of various biological activities like anti-bacterial, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative etc., these organisms also produce potential photoprotective or anti-photoaging agents, which are attracting present day researchers. Continuous exposure to UV irradiation (both UV-A and UV-B) leads to the skin cancer and other photoaging complications, which are typically mediated by the reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated in the oxidative pathways. Many of the anti-oxidative and anti-photoaging compounds have been identified previously, which work efficiently against photodamage of the skin. Recently, marine originated photoprotective or anti-photoaging behavior was observed in the methanol extracts of Corallina pilulifera (CPM). These extracts were found to exert potent antioxidant activity and protective effect on UV-A-induced oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells by protecting DNA and also by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a key component in photoaging of the skin due to exposure to UV-A. The present review depicts various other photoprotective compounds from algae and other marine sources for further elaborative research and their probable use in cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

Chitosan–amylopectin/hydroxyapatite and chitosan–chondroitin sulphate/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Over the past few decades, artificial graft materials for bone tissue engineering are gaining much importance. In this study, tri-component scaffolds of chitosan/natural hydroxyapatite with chondroitin sulfate (chitosan-CS/HAp) and amylopectin (chitosan-AP/HAp) have been developed for the first time via freeze-drying method and were characterized physicochemically for bone grafting substitutes. Chemical interactions and dispersion of HAp, CS and AP in the chitosan matrix have been evaluated by various analytical techniques. The porosity and water uptake/retention ability of these composite scaffolds decreased whereas thermal stability increased when compared to the chitosan scaffold. The pore size of the chitosan/HAp, chitosan-CS/HAp and chitosan-AP/HAp scaffolds varied from 60 to 180 μm, 60 to 400 μm and 80 to 500 μm, respectively. Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and type-1 collagen production was evaluated in vitro using MG-63 cell line, which was observed to be higher in the composite scaffolds. Excellent interconnected porosity, controlled biodegradation and enhanced cell proliferation of the novel chitosan-CS/HAp and chitosan-AP/HAp scaffolds suggests that these scaffolds are promising biomaterials for bone tissue engineering.

Biophysicochemical evaluation of chitosan‐hydroxyapatite‐marine sponge collagen composite for bone tissue engineering

Tricomponent scaffold systems prepared by natural materials especially of marine origin are gaining much attention nowadays for the application in bone tissue engineering. A novel scaffold (Chi-HAp-MSCol) containing chitosan (Chi), hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived from Thunnus obesus bone and marine sponge (Ircinia fusca) collagen (MSCol) was prepared using freeze-drying and lyophilization method. This biomimetic scaffold, along with the Chi and Chi-HAp scaffolds were characterized biophysicochemically for their comparative significance in bone grafting applications. The structural composition of the chitosan, Chi-Hap, and Chi-HAp-MSCol scaffolds were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The porosity, water uptake, and retention abilities of the composite scaffolds decreased, whereas Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Analyses results revealed the increase in thermal stability in the scaffold because of the highly stable HAp and MSCol. Homogeneous dispersion of HAp and MSCol in chitosan matrix with interconnected porosity of 60-180 μm (Chi-HAp) and 50-170 μm (Chi-HAp-MSCol) was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and optical microscopy. Cell proliferation in composite scaffolds was relatively higher than pure chitosan when observed by MTT assay and Hoechst staining in vitro using MG-63 cell line. These observations suggest that the novel Chi-HAp-MSCol composite scaffolds are promising biomaterials for matrix-based bone repair and bone augmentation.

Biochemical and biophysical characterization of collagens of marine sponge, Ircinia fusca (Porifera: Demospongiae: Irciniidae)

Collagens were isolated and partially characterized from the marine demosponge, Ircinia fusca from Gulf of Mannar (GoM), India, with an aim to develop potentially applicable collagens from unused and under-used resources. The yield of insoluble, salt soluble and acid soluble forms of collagens was 31.71 ± 1.59, 20.69 ± 1.03, and 17.38 ± 0.87 mg/g dry weight, respectively. Trichrome staining, Scanning & Transmission Electron microscopic (SEM & TEM) studies confirmed the presence of collagen in the isolated, terminally globular irciniid filaments. The partially purified (gel filtration chromatography), non-fibrillar collagens appeared as basement type collagenous sheets under light microscopy whereas the purified fibrillar collagens appeared as fibrils with a repeated band periodicity of 67 nm under Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The non-fibrillar and fibrillar collagens were seen to have affinity for anti-collagen type IV and type I antibodies raised against human collagens, respectively. The macromolecules, i.e., total protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents within the tissues were also quantified. The present information on the three characteristic irciniid collagens (filamentous, fibrillar and non-fibrillar) could assist the future attempts to unravel the therapeutically important, safer collagens from marine sponges for their use in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.

Synthesis of polyfunctionalized piperidone oxime ethers and their cytotoxicity on HeLa cells.

A series of twenty 2,6-diarylpiperidin-4-one O-methyloximes were synthesized with fluoro/chloro/bromo/methyl/methoxy/ethoxy/isopropyl substituents on various positions of the phenyl at C-2 and C-6 in association with/without methyl substituent on the secondary amino group and methyl/ethyl/isopropyl substituents on the active methylene centers. Regardless of their substitution all compounds predominantly exist in the chair conformation except 3m, which adopts a twist-boat conformation. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activity against human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell line. The cytotoxicity of the test compounds was determined by measuring the number of live cells after 24 h of treatment by MTT assay method. This preliminary SAR suggests some lead molecules 3c-f, 3j-k, 4d-g, and 4i with a scope of further structural optimization of the piperidone pharmacophore toward the development of anticancer drug synthesis.

Medicinal Foods from Marine Animals: Current Status and Prospects

The lifestyle of human being is changing day by day toward the simplified and more convenient way of living. Human wellbeing is majorly dependent on the daily food habits that are in accordance with the habits of individual community and the surrounding environments. Although the food habits are simplified and fashioned according to the current lifestyle, many of the Asians are still showing much importance to the naturally derived and traditional foods. One such medicinally important natural source is the foods from marine organisms, which are an important growing notion for the development of marine nutraceuticals and functional foods. In this context, we have already brought the recent trends and applications of marine algal (macro and micro) foods in my previous volume. The current preliminary chapter of this book volume on marine animals and microbes describes about the prospects of various marine animals and their derived substances/materials as medicinal foods. In addition, this chapter encourages the new researchers as well as various health communities to implement the marine animal-based medicinal foods and their applications.

Medicinal Foods from Marine Animals

The lifestyle of human being is changing day by day toward the simplified and more convenient way of living. Human wellbeing is majorly dependent on the daily food habits that are in accordance with the habits of individual community and the surrounding environments. Although the food habits are simplified and fashioned according to the current lifestyle, many of the Asians are still showing much importance to the naturally derived and traditional foods. One such medicinally important natural source is the foods from marine organisms, which are an important growing notion for the development of marine nutraceuticals and functional foods. In this context, we have already brought the recent trends and applications of marine algal (macro and micro) foods in my previous volume. The current preliminary chapter of this book volume on marine animals and microbes describes about the prospects of various marine animals and their derived substances/materials as medicinal foods. In addition, this chapter encourages the new researchers as well as various health communities to implement the marine animal-based medicinal foods and their applications.

Impact of marine micro- and macroalgal consumption on photoprotection.

The enormousness of species diversity of oceans leads to the isolation and development of health- and beauty-enhancing components from various marine organisms. The significance of these marine-derived compounds or substances has been scientifically well implied for various biological and biomedical parameters. One such important parameter is photoprotectivity, which is the major concern nowadays because of the depletion in ozone layer and the possible high risk of UV irradiation to humans. The marine macro- as well as microalgae and their food products, knowingly and unknowingly, have been used since hundreds of years. These foods possess tremendous implications in defending the highly hazardous UV radiation, thereby facilitating photoprotection to humans. In addition, based on the recent studies, many of the UV-protecting algal species is directed for the use as medicinally valuable foods and food ingredients. This chapter describes certain micro- and macroalgal species along with their photoprotective importance.

Marine Sponges: Chemicobiological and Biomedical Applications

Spongology has grown into a discipline attracting a progressively growing population of hundreds of scientists across the world. Several marine sponges harbor dense and diverse microbial communities of huge ecological and biotechnological significance. Sponges represent an evolutionarily divergent group of species with widespread physiological and ecological traits. They also host complex communities of microbial symbionts and thus are ideal model to test functional equivalence and evolutionary convergence that exists in complex symbiont communities across phylogenetically divergent hosts. This review highlighted the largest part of promising research domains in sponge diversity, taxonomy, ecology, cell culture, metagenomics, drug discovery, marine natural products and applications of sponges in biomaterials, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and advanced methodologies used for the bioprospection of marine microorganisms. Genome, transcriptome, and metagenome analysis has revealed extraordinary insights into the sponge symbiotic functions, its ecological role, and biotechnological significance. Recent developments in metagenomics also provided novel avenues in sponge metabolite production. This review has covered the recent findings regarding dynamics of sponges, and several interesting research areas, that we believe are deserving of increased attention. P.V. Bramhachari (*) Department of Biotechnology & Botany, Krishna University, Machilipatnam 521 001, Andhra Pradesh, India e-mail: veerabramha@gmail.com H. Ehrlich Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger 23, Freiberg 09599, Germany e-mail: Herman.Ehrlich@physik.tu-freiberg.de R. Pallela IKP Knowledge Park, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India e-mail: rpallela@gmail.com # Springer India 2016 R. Pallela, H. Ehrlich (eds.), Marine Sponges: Chemicobiological and Biomedical Applications, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2794-6_1 1

Chronicles of Sponge Biomaterials: The Saga in Biomedicine

Marine environment is a prolific source of natural products and biomaterials of utmost importance in disease. Sponges are one of the better-known, diverse, multicellular invertebrates and abundant members of marine benthic communities. They are among the richest known sources of biologically active secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical significance. Researchers have been trying to explore the marine sponges not only for their associated pharmaceutical potential but also for the biomaterials including chitin/chitosan, ceramic, biosilica, and collagen since sponges are an excellent source of biocompatible materials to be used in biomedicine. This chapter covers an overview of sponge biomaterials and their possible applications in biomedicine.