Ricardo M. André

Fiber Loop Mirror Using a Small Core Microstructured Fiber for Strain and Temperature Discrimination

In this work, a fiber loop mirror for the simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature is presented. The loop mirror contains a section of a small core microstructured fiber characterized for strain and temperature sensing. Due to the small core geometry and using a small section length, the structure presents high birefringence and also intermodal interference. The spectral response of this configuration shows the presence of three interferometers. One of them corresponds to the interference of light that propagates in the fast and slow axes (group birefringence) and the others are associated with the interference of light in the two lowest order spatial modes in each of the fiber eigenaxis. These interferometers present distinct sensitivities to strain and temperature for different wavelengths.

Focused ion beam post-processing of optical fiber Fabry-Perot cavities for sensing applications.

Focused ion beam technology is combined with chemical etching of specifically designed fibers to create Fabry-Perot interferometers. Hydrofluoric acid is used to etch special fibers and create microwires with diameters of 15 μm. These microwires are then milled with a focused ion beam to create two different structures: an indented Fabry-Perot structure and a cantilever Fabry-Perot structure that are characterized in terms of temperature. The cantilever structure is also sensitive to vibrations and is capable of measuring frequencies in the range 1 Hz - 40 kHz.

Strain-Temperature Discrimination Using Multimode Interference in Tapered Fiber

Tapering single-mode-multimode-single-mode structures to enhance sensitivity is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. 50-mm-long coreless multimode fiber sections are spliced between single-mode fibers (SMFs) and tapered. They are characterized in strain, and an increase in strain sensitivity is obtained with taper diameter reduction. Sensitivities as high as -23.69pm/με for the 15-μm taper are attained. Temperature sensitivities also depend on taper diameter. A combination of two different diameter tapered SMF MMF-SMF structures, with cross-sensitivity to strain and temperature, is proposed as a sensing system for the simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature with resolutions of ±5.6 με and ±1.6°C, respectively. A good condition number of 3.16 is achieved with this sensing structure.

Simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index using focused ion beam milled Fabry-Perot cavities in optical fiber micro-tips

Optical fiber micro-tips are promising devices for sensing applications in small volume and difficult to access locations, such as biological and biomedical settings. The tapered fiber tips are prepared by dynamic chemical etching, reducing the size from 125 μm to just a few μm. Focused ion beam milling is then used to create cavity structures on the tapered fiber tips. Two different Fabry-Perot micro-cavities have been prepared and characterized: a solid silica cavity created by milling two thin slots and a gap cavity. A third multi-cavity structure is fabricated by combining the concepts of solid silica cavity and gap cavity. This micro-tip structure is analyzed using a fast Fourier transform method to demultiplex the signals of each cavity. Simultaneous measurement of temperature and external refractive index is then demonstrated, presenting sensitivities of - 15.8 pm/K and -1316 nm/RIU, respectively.

Direct core structuring of microstructured optical fibers using focused ion beam milling.

We demonstrate the use of focused ion beam milling to machine optical structures directly into the core of microstructured optical fibers. The particular fiber used was exposed-core microstructured optical fiber, which allowed direct access to the optically guiding core. Two different designs of Fabry-Perot cavity were fabricated and optically characterized. The first cavity was formed by completely removing a section of the fiber core, while the second cavity consisted of a shallow slot milled into the core, leaving the majority of the core intact. This work highlights the possibility of machining complex optical devices directly onto the core of microstructured optical fibers using focused ion beam milling for applications including environmental, chemical, and biological sensing.

Gas refractometry based on an all-fiber spatial optical filter

A spatial optical filter based on splice misalignment between optical fibers with different diameters is proposed for gas refractometry. The sensing head is formed by a 2 mm long optical fiber with 50 μm diameter that is spliced with a strong misalignment between two single-mode fibers (SMF28) and interrogated in transmission. The misalignment causes a Fabry-Perot behavior along the reduced-size fiber and depending on the lead-out SMF28 position, it is possible to obtain different spectral responses, namely, bandpass or band-rejection filters. It is shown that the spatial filter device is highly sensitive to refractive index changes on a nitrogen environment by means of the gas pressure variation. A maximum sensitivity of -1390 nm/RIU for the bandpass filter was achieved. Both devices have shown similar temperature responses with an average sensitivity of 25.7 pm/°C.

Large range linear torsion sensor based on a suspended-core fiber loop mirror

Abstract. A fiber loop mirror containing a section of high-birefringence suspended-core fiber is used for torsion sensing. The suspended-core fiber section has a triangular-shaped core with an in-circle diameter of approximately 1.8 μm. Due to its small dimensions and geometric structure, it presents high birefringence and intermodal interference simultaneously. A torsion sensitivity of 59.0  pm/deg is obtained in a very large linear range of 900 deg with a resolution of 1.2 deg.

Multimode interference in tapered single mode-multimode-single mode fiber structures for strain sensing applications

Tapering single mode-multimode-single mode structures to enhance sensitivity is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. 50 mm-long coreless MMF sections are spliced between SMFs and tapered. They are characterized in strain and an increase in strain sensitivity is obtained with taper diameter reduction. Sensitivities as high as -23.69 pm/με for the 15 μm taper are attained. A combination of an untapered and tapered SMS is proposed as a sensing system for the simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature.

High birefringence triangular optical nanowire in suspended-core fiber for temperature sensing

Abstract. Triangular nanowires that present a high birefringence and a very strong confinement were fabricated by tapering suspended-core fibers (SCFs) down to core diameters below 1000 nm. Each nanowire presented a high birefringence with an order of magnitude of 10−3. As the spectra of the SCF tapers inserted in fiber loop mirrors can be used to generate a sinusoidal interference pattern from the two main modes (fast and slow axis), a nanowire was employed as a sensing element in a Sagnac interferometer for measuring temperature. Temperature sensitivity was determined to be −56.2  pm/K using a triangular nanowire of 810 nm in-circle diameter when compared with that of a conventional untapered SCF whose temperature sensitivity is −2.1  pm/K.

Multiplexed refractive index-based sensing using optical fiber microcavities

Optical fibers are promising tools for performing biological and biomedical sensing due to their small cross section and potential for multiplexing. In particular, fabricating ultra-small sensing devices is of increasing interest for measuring biological material such as cells. A promising direction is the use of interferometric techniques combined with optical fiber post-processing. In this work we present recent progress in the development of Fabry-Perot micro-cavities written into optical fiber tapers using focused ion beam (FIB) milling. We first demonstrate that FIB milled optical fiber microcavities are sensitive enough to measure polyelectrolyte layer deposition. We then present new results on the fabrication and optical characterization of serially-multiplexed dual cavity micro-sensors. Two cavities were written serially along the fiber with two different cavity lengths, producing a total of four reflecting surfaces and thus six possible interferometric pairs/cavities. By using fast Fourier transform it is possible to obtain de-multiplexed measurements for each cavity. This will be particularly important for bioassays where positive and negative controls are required to be measured within close spatial proximity.