Ricardo Machado Ruiz

Matrices of science and technology interactions and patterns of structured growth: implications for development

Scientific and other non-patent references (NPRs) in patents are important tools to analyze interactions between science and technology. This paper organizes a database with 514,894 USPTO patents granted globally in 1974, 1982, 1990, 1998 and 2006. There are 165,762 patents with at least one reference to science and engineering (S&E) literature, from a total of 1,375,503 references. Through a lexical analysis, 71.1% of this S&E literature is classified by S&E fields. These data serve as the basis for the elaboration of global and national 3-dimensional matrices (technological domains, S&E fields and number of references). Three indicators are proposed to analyze these matrices, allowing us to identify patterns of structured growth that differentiate developed and non-developed countries. This differentiation informs suggestions for public policies for development, emphasizing the need for an articulation between the industrial and technological dimension and scientific side. The intertwinement of these two dimensions is a key component of developmental policies for the twenty-first century.

Science in the developing world: running twice as fast?

Physicists are increasingly interested in studying the behavior of financial markets; likewise, researchers have applied statistical physics tools to study economic development in - and interactions among - various countries. We recently introduced a model that creates an artificial world economy of countries, each of which has a population with scientific and technological capabilities. The models main goal is to probe the underlying mechanisms responsible for the interactions among science, technology, and development. So far, it has shown a strong correlation between economic development and scientific and technological production.

Determinantes do desempenho das firmas a partir das novas capacitações internas: um estudo de firmas brasileiras

The paper is an empirical analyze of some theoretical propositions that relate the firm capabilities and structure to its sectoral performance. The firm performance was measured by its profitability, market share, and indexes of productivity. The determinants of the firm performance were based on the main arguments of Edith Penrose, Alfred Chandler, Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter, and some propositions of Stephen Hymer and Raymond Vernon. These theoretical propositions guide the shape of the econometric models specific to each author. To test the econometric models, it was used a database with 4,498 manufacturing firms. The main results show the importance of the technological innovation, the external trade, and the economies of scale and scope as determinants of the profit asymmetries among firms of an industry.

NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION: A MULTI-COUNTRY MODEL

Science and technology have a fundamental role in the economic development. Although this statement is generally well accepted, the internal mechanisms which are responsible for these interactions are not clear. In the last decade, dealing with this problem, many models have been proposed. In this paper, we introduce a model that creates an artificial world economy that is a network of countries. Each country has its own national system of innovation and the interactions between countries are given by functions that connect the competitiveness of their prices and their technological capabilities. Starting from different configurations, the artificial world economy self-organizes itself and creates a hierarchies of countries.

Produção científica e tecnológica das regiões metropolitanas brasileiras

Este artigo faz uma avaliacao da producao cientifica e tecnologica das regioes metropolitanas no Brasil a partir de estatisticas de patentes (depositadas no INPI) e de artigos cientificos (indexados pelo ISI). O trabalho esta dividido em cinco secoes. A secao 1 resenha brevemente a literatura sobre interacao entre ciencia e tecnologia, desde o ponto de vista da abordagem dos sistemas nacionais de inovacao. A secao 2 apresenta as bases de dados e um quadro geral da producao cientifica e tecnologica do Brasil. A secao 3 focaliza as regioes metropolitanas do Brasil, avaliando a distribuicao das atividades cientificas e tecnologicas entre elas e comparando-a com outros paises. A secao 4 avalia as diferentes especializacoes cientificas e tecnologicas das regioes metropolitanas avaliadas. A secao 5 conclui o trabalho.

Modelling the role of national system of innovation in economical differentiation

Nowadays it is well accepted that science and technology has a fundamental role in the economic development (GNP per capita) of any country. Aiming to study this role, we introduce a model that creates an artificial world economy that is a network of countries. Each country has its own national system of innovation (represented by a technological parameter). The interactions among the countries are given by functions that connect their prices, demands and incomes. Starting from random values, the artificial world economy self‐organize itself and create hierarchies of countries.

Estruturas urbanas comparadas: Estados Unidos e Brasil

The literature on urban economics usually point out the developing countries as those ones with urban structure extremely concentrated and unequal, and the developed countries as those countries with a better distribution of cities. This paper compares the national urban structures of two countries: the USA, a developed country, and Brazil, a developing country.

Aglomerações econômicas no Sul-Sudeste e no Nordeste Brasileiro: estruturas, escalas e diferenciais

This paper compares the spatial economic agglomerations of the South and Southeast Brazilian states with the one composed by the Northeast Brazilian states. Two issues were discussed: first, the number and scale of the economic cores in the regions; and second, the productive structures that sustain those agglomerations. The study is based on a set of data with 35,600 manufacturing firms (PIA 2000, PINTEC 2000 e SECEX 2000) and 5,507 municipalities in Brazil (ADH 2000, SIMBRASIL 2000, IPEA Data, IBGE 2000), and information on scientific and technological production, services and agriculture. Based on this information, the economic agglomerations were identified and their productive structures were characterized.

A financial economic model for urban water pricing in Brazil

This paper presents a financial economic model to analyse key topics of urban water pricing and economic regulation. Because institutions play a central role in the regulation process, it evaluates some institutional forms of drinking water utility: non-regulated state-owned monopoly, state-owned monopoly regulated by cost of service and by the Vogelsang-Finsinger pricing rule. In the scope of the Brazilian water utility (highly heterogeneous urban residential demand, investment financed by monopolys capital, and increasing block tariff), the main conclusion shows that the institutional form most employed in Brazil (cost of service) presents the lowest efficiency and equity indicators, suggesting the necessity for revision of Brazilian water economic regulation.

A práxis antitruste no Brasil: uma análise do CADE no período 1994-2004

The antitrust policy is built through antitrust agencys decisions that are, in Brazil, pronounced by CADE. To appraise CADEs decisions, thus, is to appraise the antitrust policy in Brazil. This implies that is necessary to know if such decisions are consistent with the antitrust theory. The purpose of this paper is to verify the theoretical consistency of CADEs decisions. To get there, 330 Counsels votes are analyzed on the legality lifetime of 8.884/94 Law or between 1994 and 2004. The papers conclusion is that there is a general fragility in antitrust theorys application by CADE. For example, the demand substituibility test was made in only 14% of that cases in which the consume substituibility was analyzed; and the net economic efficiency computation was made in only 5% of that cases that the economic efficiency was argued.