Richard E. Sykes

A Theory of Deference Exchange in Police-Civilian Encounters

The authors suggest an explanation of police-civilian behavior based on a normative and interpersonal construct rather than on a psychological construct. Police behavior must be explained in terms of the rules which order their relations with civilians and which are usually mutually acknowledged by both. Among these rules the authors posit that in a typical encounter relations are governed by ansymmetrical status norm when deference exchange is involved. This norm effects various statuses in defferent ways. Data from an extesive study of police-civilianencounters in which the process of interaction was coded using a special interaction process analysis category system are used to test hypotheses derived from the theory.

Police Control of Juveniles: A Replication

In 1970, Donald Black and Albert J. Reiss, Jr. presented a series of eight propositions which they suggested provided the beginning of an empirical por trait of the policing of juveniles. The present study replicates their research, based upon comparative data separated by four years and many miles. Exten sive support for their earlier conclusions is reported, but a number of sub- propositions, clarifications, and extensions are also advanced. Several of the theoretical and empirical implications of these findings are then considered.

A test of the fit of Gulliver's phase model to hostage negotiations

This study tests the fit of Gullivers (1979) phase model of negotiation development to authentic and simulated hostage negotiations. Interaction analysis and phase mapping techniques were used to create phase map descriptions of a set of eight authentic and eight simulated hostage negotiations. Gamma analysis (Pelz, 1985) was used to abstract the general structure of each negotiation from its detailed phase map. Gamma maps were compared to Gullivers model and to each other. Results suggest that hostage negotiations vary in their resemblance to Gullivers model. Simulated negotiations performed as police training exercises were most similar to Gullivers model, while authentic cases bore the least resemblance to the model. Events and characteristics that may lead to the differences are illustrated in excerpts from the negotiations.

Imagining what we might study if we really studied small groups from a speech perspective

Research in the field of speech is placed within the context of academic research in general, and the historical tendency for speech research to be derivative is noted. The essay argues for the need to focus on the essential subject matter of speech in the study of small group communication. The necessity for more research of a descriptive nature and the desirability for alternative research designs are emphasized.

Policing multi-ethnic neighborhoods : the Miami study and findings for law enforcement in the United States

The Socio-Cultural Context of Police-Citizen Relations in Dade County, Florida Methods of Data Collection Police Task Evaluations Attitudes toward the Police and Policing Attitudes toward the Police and Other Social Institutions Conclusions: Police Task Evaluations Conclusions: Attitudes toward the Police and Policing Policing in the Community Bibliography Index

Techniques of data collection and reduction in systematic field observation

Two specific instances of data collection under field observation conditions are noted: (1) the sampling of police activities and interactions, and (2) the influence of proximity and similarity on informal group formation. Coding and recording of behaviors are described and the management of data detailed.

USING LOG-LINEAR TESTS OF FIT FOR A TRANSACTIONAL SYSTEMS MODEL

For the past decade the Interact System Model (ISM) of Fisher and Hawes (1971) has been used in conjunction with traditional statistical tests of fit of discrete-time, discrete-state Markov models to examine small group processes of communication. The authors argue that the ISM is an inappropriate model of interpersonal and noninterpersonal communication processes, in part because it takes no account of nonverbal messages. As an alternative, they propose a Transactional Systems Model (TSM) of person-to-person communication, and, using data on police-complainant interaction for illustration, show how log-linear statistical models provide an efficient and flexible means of testing and comparing ISM with TSM models. Log-linear tests may replace traditional tests of such models and open the way to a greater understanding of complex communication processes.