Roberto Luiz do Carmo

ORDENAÇÃO MULTIVARIADA NA ECOLOGIA E SEU USO EM CIÊNCIAS AMBIENTAIS

Multivariate analyses usual to ecology can be easily applied in other environmental sciences, making available new analytical tools for the quantitative exploration of complex patterns. We exemplify this through a study of the relations among demographic variables and environmental quality in the Piracicaba and Capivari River Basins. Demographic vectors were found by a principal coordinates analysis, and then were correlated with variables of sanitation and of vegetation cover. This analysis revealed the structure of correlations among the variables, suggesting causative hypotheses, as well as practical guidelines in environmental management. Multivariate analyses are very effective in exploring structural links among many variables, which makes them an important tool in interdisciplinary studies on environment.

Mortalidade por desastres no Brasil: o que mostram os dados

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar e analisar as principais bases de dados existentes sobre mortalidade por desastres ocorridos no Brasil: EM-DAT -Emergency Events Database e o Atlas Brasileiro de Desastres Naturais, alem do Sistema de Informacoes sobre Mortalidade (SIM, Ministerio da Saude) e o Anuario de Desastres Naturais (Ministerio da Integracao Nacional). Essas bases de dados foram abordadas atraves de dois procedimentos metodologicos basicos: analise descritiva das informacoes sistematizadas e analise comparativa, atraves da construcao de tabelas que permitiram analisar informacoes selecionadas. A comparacao mostrou que, com as bases de dados atuais, nao e possivel afirmar se os desastres e a mortalidade por desastres estao aumentando no pais, por conta das variacoes dos eventos que ocorrem a cada ano. O levantamento das informacoes mostrou a importância do megadesastre ocorrido na Regiao Serrana do Rio de Janeiro em 2011, em especial no municipio de Nova Friburgo. Neste municipio, o desastre atingiu de diferentes formas os diversos grupos etarios em ambos os sexos: o de 5 a 9 anos, foi o mais atingido entre homens e mulheres, alem dos de 20 a 24 anos (para mulheres) e 30 a 34 (para homens).This work presents and analyzes the main databases on mortality due to disasters in Brazil: EM-DAT - Emergency Events Database and the Brazilian Atlas of Natural Disasters, as well as the Mortality Information System (SIM, Ministry of Health) and the Yearbook of Natural Disasters (Ministry of National Integration). These databases were addressed using two basic methodological procedures: descriptive analysis of systematic information and comparative analysis, by means of the construction of tables that helped to analyze the information selected. The comparison revealed that with the current databases it is not possible to affirm if disasters and mortality due to disasters are increasing in Brazil, since there are variations in the intensity of the events that occur each year. The information available shows the importance of the mega disaster that occurred in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro in 2011, especially in the municipality of Nova Friburgo. In this case the disaster affected the various age groups in both sexes in different ways: the 5 to 9-year-old age group was the most affected among men and women, as well as the 20 to 24-year-old age group (for women) and the 30 to 34-year-old age group (for men).

Desigualdade social intraurbana: implicações sobre a epidemia de dengue em Campinas, SP, em 2014

This paper investigates whether the segmentation of social groups in the urban fabric, with differential access to the city’s resources and services, can influence the spatial and temporal distribution of dengue cases. The study’s site is the city of Campinas, state of Sao Paulo, in which we analyzed the dengue cases reported from January to December 2014. For this purpose, geoprocessing and spatial analysis tools were applied. The findings indicated that social inequality could be conditioning the distribution of dengue cases in conjunction with other factors that contributed to the occurrence of the largest epidemic recorded in Campinas so far.

Demographic transition and transition of urban water consumption in Brazil

In this paper we discuss that, although the volume of the population is an important aspect to be considered in the relationship between population and environment, there are other factors that may be even more important. From a demographic perspective, for example, details such as composition and spatial distribution of the population are essential. In environmental terms, the style of development and level of consumption are crucial. Brazil is going through a time of important transitions. On the one hand, the demographic transition (decreased levels of mortality and birth rates), is characterized by the rapid decline in total fertility rate, from about 6 children per woman in the 1960s to fewer than 2 children per woman in the late 2000s. On the other hand, there is a consumption transition also incourse, discussed here in the relationship between improving the economic situation and increased water consumption, which is caused by the expansion of the supply system in urban areas and by the trend toward growing per capita consumption. Thus, while there has been a significant decrease in population growth rates, water consumption tends to increase as the result of changes in access patterns and consumption levels.In this paper we discuss that, although the volume of the population is an important aspect to be considered in the relationship between population and environment, there are other factors that may be even more important. From a demographic perspective, fo...

Transição demográfica e transição do consumo urbano de água no Brasil

In this paper we discuss that, although the volume of the population is an important aspect to be considered in the relationship between population and environment, there are other factors that may be even more important. From a demographic perspective, for example, details such as composition and spatial distribution of the population are essential. In environmental terms, the style of development and level of consumption are crucial. Brazil is going through a time of important transitions. On the one hand, the demographic transition (decreased levels of mortality and birth rates), is characterized by the rapid decline in total fertility rate, from about 6 children per woman in the 1960s to fewer than 2 children per woman in the late 2000s. On the other hand, there is a consumption transition also incourse, discussed here in the relationship between improving the economic situation and increased water consumption, which is caused by the expansion of the supply system in urban areas and by the trend toward growing per capita consumption. Thus, while there has been a significant decrease in population growth rates, water consumption tends to increase as the result of changes in access patterns and consumption levels.In this paper we discuss that, although the volume of the population is an important aspect to be considered in the relationship between population and environment, there are other factors that may be even more important. From a demographic perspective, fo...

Transición demográfica y transición del consumo urbano de agua en Brasil

In this paper we discuss that, although the volume of the population is an important aspect to be considered in the relationship between population and environment, there are other factors that may be even more important. From a demographic perspective, for example, details such as composition and spatial distribution of the population are essential. In environmental terms, the style of development and level of consumption are crucial. Brazil is going through a time of important transitions. On the one hand, the demographic transition (decreased levels of mortality and birth rates), is characterized by the rapid decline in total fertility rate, from about 6 children per woman in the 1960s to fewer than 2 children per woman in the late 2000s. On the other hand, there is a consumption transition also incourse, discussed here in the relationship between improving the economic situation and increased water consumption, which is caused by the expansion of the supply system in urban areas and by the trend toward growing per capita consumption. Thus, while there has been a significant decrease in population growth rates, water consumption tends to increase as the result of changes in access patterns and consumption levels.In this paper we discuss that, although the volume of the population is an important aspect to be considered in the relationship between population and environment, there are other factors that may be even more important. From a demographic perspective, fo...

Percepción y preocupación ambiental en distintas regiones metropolitanas del Brasil: eslabones perdidos y evidencia adicional

En este articulo se revisan los patrones de percepcion y preocupacion ambiental en distintas regiones metropolitanas del Brasil y la forma en que estos se ven influenciado por el nivel socioeconomico y las condiciones ambientales objetivas. En virtud de los resultados previos de Nawrotzki, Guedes y Carmo (2014), nos preguntamos si en la relacion entre el nivel socioeconomico, las condiciones ambientales objetivas y la preocupacion intervienen diferencias de percepcion respecto de las cuestiones ambientales y los actores involucrados. Creemos que la preocupacion puede ser un concepto muy abstracto como para utilizarse libremente como sinonimo de actitud ambiental. Ademas, los elementos que preceden a la toma de decisiones, como la conciencia y percepcion ambiental, que son componentes clave de la preocupacion ambiental, no fueron tenidos en cuenta en el analisis de Nawrotzki, Guedes y Carmo. En esta ocasion, utilizamos un nuevo conjunto de datos, recolectados en 2007, obtenidos a partir de una muestra representativa de habitantes de las regiones metropolitanas de Campinas y la Baixada Santista, en el Complejo Metropolitano Extendido de Sao Paulo. Estos son los mismos datos utilizados en Nawrotzki, Guedes y Carmo (2014). Mediante la expansion de la idea de evaluacion del perfil ambiental con la incorporacion de la conciencia ambiental y la percepcion de los problemas ambientales, junto con la preocupacion ambiental, utilizamos modelos de clases latentes con efecto aleatorio, asumiendo que esas tres dimensiones ambientales estan relacionadas y deben modelarse juntas como una estructura latente dependiente. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de nuestros modelos indican que los problemas ambientales objetivos exacerban la percepcion de los problemas ambientales, aunque la preocupacion por el medio ambiente claramente depende de la riqueza, con lo que ciertos grupos pobres enfrentan limitaciones a la hora de traducir su percepcion de las cuestiones ambientales apremiantes en una actitud proambiental.

Water, sanitation and health: an intra-urban comparison in the municipality of Caraguatatuba, Brazil

The rapid urbanization of Latin America during the twentieth century resulted in poor sanitation conditions that exposed its population to significant health risks. One of the most important examples is outbreaks of dengue fever, a multifactoral disease resulting in part from unsanitary water. This work seeks to understand the possible interrelation between the distribution of environmental sanitation services, including water, and the distribution of dengue by comparing intra-urban areas in Caraguatatuba, Brazil, using GIS tools such as regular grids, cluster analysis, and the application of Moran’s index.

Espaços migratorios e problematica ambiental no Mercosul

O projeto “Espaços migratórios e problemática ambiental no Mercosul” é de cooperação Brasil-França, entre o CNPq e o Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), desenvolvido pelo Núcleo de Estudos de População (Nepo) da Unicamp e o Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement (LPED-IRD). Trata-se do estudo das migrações entre o Brasil e os países vizinhos do Mercosul, com destaque para Bolívia, Paraguai e Argentina. O objetivo é evidenciar situações diferenciadas e complexas entre esses países e fomentar a comparação dos diferentes espaços migratórios, que estruturam partes da dinâmica socioespacial da região, possibilitando a melhor compreensão de um fenômeno que vem ganhando importância nos últimos 20 anos. Nesse contexto, consideram-se as dinâmicas espaciais das migrações, sua formação e evolução vis-à-vis as mudanças territoriais e ambientais que se observam no contexto da integração regional e mundial. Atenção privilegiada é dada às regiões de fronteiras entre os países, baseando-se na hipótese de que essas áreas articulam várias formas migratórias e são, portanto, laboratórios tanto da própria diversidade dos espaços migratórios como das modificações nas dinâmicas de organização do espaço que ocorrem no subcontinente. A partir daí privilegiam-se na análise: