S. Jeffers

Self-Inconsistencies of the U(1) Theory of Electrodynamics: Michelson Interferometry

The Michelson interferogram from perfectly reflecting mirrors does not exist in the U(1) gauge theory of electrodynamics, which is therefore seriously flawed. The adoption of an O(3) internal gauge field symmetry allows these flaws to be remedied self-consistently and leads to several developments in electrodynamics, enriching the subject considerably.

Inconsistencies of the U(1) Theory of Electrodynamics: Stress Energy Momentum Tensor

The internal gauge space of electrodynamics considered as a U(1) gauge field theory is a scalar. This leads to the result that in free space, and for plane waves, the Poynting vector and energy vanish. This result is consistent with the fact that U(1) gauge field theory results in a null third Stokes parameter, meaning again that the field energy vanishes in free space. A self consistent definition of the stress energy momentum tensor is obtained with a Yang Mills theory applied with an O(3) symmetry internal gauge space. This theory produces the third Stokes parameter self consistently in terms of the self-dual Evans-Vigier fields B(3).

A General Theory of Non-Abelian Electrodynamics

The general theory of gauge fields is used to develop a theory of electrodynamics in which the fundamental structure is non-Abelian and in which the internal gauge field symmetry is O(3), based on the existence of circular polarization and the third Stokes parameter. The theory is used to provide an explanation for the Sagnac effect with platform at rest and in motion. The Sagnac formula is obtained by considering the platform in motion to be a gauge transformation. The topological phases can be described straightforwardly with non Abelian electrodynamics, which produces a novel magnetic field component for all types of radiation, a component which is proportional to the third Stokes parameter. The theory provides a natural explanation for the inverse Faraday effect without phenomenology.

The inverse Faraday effect, fermion spin, and B(3)

SummaryThe inverse Faraday effect is demonstrated from the Dirac equation of a fermion in a circularly polarized electromagnetic field, and is shown to be due to the Evans-Vigier field,B(3), whose sourcein vacuo is the beam conjugate product. Fermion spin resonance in a microwave or radiofrequency beam is demonstrated to be highly sensitive to the inverse Faraday effect, (IFE), which is related to photon mass through the de Broglie guidance theorem. Under well-defined experimental conditions, the IFE demonstrates the existence of photon mass, and provides an upper bound which is compatible with cosmological measurements.

DERIVATION OF THE LEHNERT FIELD EQUATIONS FROM GAUGE THEORY IN VACUUM: SPACE CHARGE AND CURRENT

It is shown that the Lehnert field equations in vacuum, with concomitant space charge and current, can be derived straightforwardly from standard gauge theory applied in vacuum, using the concept of covariant derivative and Feynmans universal influence. The Lehnert and Proca field equations are shown to be inter-related through the well-known de Broglie theorem, in which the photon mass can be interpreted as finite. These ideas go some way towards addressing the inconsistency inherent in Maxwells famous displacement current, which has no concomitant vacuum space charge.

An experiment to detect “empty” waves

An experiment has been conducted to test the speculation that “empty” waves suffer attenuation in their propagation relative to waves which carry singularities. This speculation leads to the prediction that the contrast of interference fringes should decrease exponentially with free independent path length. A double-slit experiment has been carried out in which the distance between the slits and the observation plane has been varied over a wide range. High contrast interference fringes have been recorded and the contrast measured as a function of distance between the slits and the observation plane. No convincing evidence is found for attentuated “empty” waves.

Aharonov-bohm effect as the basis of electromagnetic energy inherent in the vacuum

The Aharonov-Bohm effect shows that the vacuum is structured, and that there can exist a finite vector potentialA in the vacuum when the electric field strengthE and magnetic flux densityB are zero. It is shown on this basis that gauge theory produces energy inherent in the vacuum. The latter is considered as the internal space of the gauge theory, containing a field made up of components ofA, to which a local gauge transformation is applied to produce the electromagnetic field tensor, a vacuum charge/current density, and a topological charge g. Local gauge transformation is the result of special relativity and introduces spacetime curvature, which gives rise to an electromagnetic field whose source is a vacuum charge current density made up ofA and g. The field carries energy to a device which can in principle extract energy from the vacuum. The development is given forU(1) andO(3) invariant gauge theory applied to electrodynamics.

SU(2)×SU(2) ELECTROWEAK THEORY IN LEP 1 DATA ON Z PARTICLE PRODUCTION

Recent data obtained by LEP1 are discussed and their potential implication for the existence of a Z′ particle. This letter advocates that this fits within the basic tenet of an SU(2)×SU(2) extended theory of the standard model of electroweak interactions. This extended electroweak model is motivated by nonabelian electrodynamics that provides an effective calculus for nonlinear optics.