S. T. Myers

The Anisotropy of the microwave background to l = 3500: Mosaic observations with the Cosmic Background Imager

We report measurements of anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background radiation over the multipole range l 200 3500 with the Cosmic Background Imager based on deep observations of three fields. These results confirm the drop in power with increasing l first reported in earlier measurements with this instrument and extend the observations of this decline in power out to l 2000. The decline in power is consistent with the predicted damping of primary anisotropies. At larger multipoles, l 1⁄4 2000 3500, the power is 3.1 greater than standard models for intrinsic microwave background anisotropy in this multipole range and 3.5 greater than zero. This excess power is not consistent with expected levels of residual radio source contamination but, for 8e1, is consistent with predicted levels of a secondary Sunyaev-Zeldovich anisotropy. Further observations are necessary to confirm the level of this excess and, if confirmed, determine its origin. Subject headings: cosmic microwave background — cosmology: observations

Extended mosaic observations with the Cosmic Background Imager

Two years of microwave background observations with the Cosmic Background Imager (CBI) have been combined to give a sensitive, high-resolution angular power spectrum over the range 400 2000 power previously seen with the CBI is reduced. Under the assumption that any signal in excess of the primary anisotropy is due to a secondary Sunyaev-Zeldovich anisotropy in distant galaxy clusters, we use CBI, Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver, and Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association array data to place a constraint on the present-day rms mass fluctuation on 8 h-1 Mpc scales, σ8. We present the results of a cosmological parameter analysis on the l < 2000 primary anisotropy data that show significant improvements in the parameters as compared to WMAP alone, and we explore the role of the small-scale cosmic microwave background data in breaking parameter degeneracies.

The Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey - I. Source selection and observations

The Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey (CLASS) is an international collaborative program which has obtained high-resolution radio images of over 10000 flat-spectrum radio sources in order to create the largest and best studied statistical sample of radioloud gravitationally lensed systems. With this survey, combined with detailed studies of the lenses found therein, constraints can be placed on the expansion rate, matter density, and dark energy (e.g. cosmological constant, quintessence) content of the Universe that are complementary to and independent of those obtained through other methods. CLASS is aimed at identifying lenses where multiple images are formed from compact flat-spectrum radio sources, which should be easily identifiable in the radio maps. Because CLASS is radio-based, dust obscuration in lensing galaxies is not a factor, and the relative insensitivity of the instrument to environmental conditions (e.g. weather, “seeing”) leads to nearly uniform sensitivity and resolution over the entire survey. In four observing “seasons” from 1994–1999, CLASS has observed 13783 radio sources with the VLA at 8.4 GHz in its largest “A” configuration (0. ′′ 2 resolution). When combined with the JVAS survey, the CLASS sample contains over 16,000 images. A complete sample of 11685 sources was observed, selected to have a flux density of at least 30 mJy in the GB6 catalogue at 4.85 GHz (spanning the declination range 0 ◦ 6 � 6 75 ◦ and |b| > 10 ◦ , excluding the galactic plane) and a spectral index � > 0.5 between the NVSS at 1.4 GHz and the GB6. A typical 30second CLASS snapshot reached an rms noise level of 0.4 mJy. So far, CLASS has found 16 new gravitational lens systems, and the JVAS/CLASS survey contains a total of 22 lenses. The follow-up of a small number of candidates using the VLA, MERLIN, the VLBA, and optical telescopes is still underway. In this paper, we present a summary of the CLASS observations, the JVAS/CLASS sample, and statistics on sub-samples of the survey. A companion paper presents the lens candidate selection and in a third paper the implications for cosmology are discussed. The source catalogues from the JVAS/CLASS project described in this paper are available from http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/research/gravlens/ .

The Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey - II. Gravitational lens candidate selection and follow-up

We report the final results of the search for gravitationally lensed flat-spectrum radio sources found in the combination of CLASS (Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey) and JVAS (Jodrell Bank VLA Astrometric Survey). VLA (Very Large Array) observations of 16 503 sources have been made, resulting in the largest sample of arcsec-scale lens systems available. Contained within the 16 503 sources is a complete sample of 11 685 sources which have two-point spectral indices between 1.4 and 5 GHz flatter than −0.5, and 5-GHz flux densities 30 mJy. A subset of 8958 sources form a well-defined statistical sample suitable for analysis of the lens statistics. We describe the systematic process by which 149 candidate lensed sources were picked from the statistical sample on the basis of possessing multiple compact components in the 0.2-arcsec resolution VLA maps. Candidates were followed up with 0.05-arcsec resolution MERLIN and 0.003-arcsec VLBA observations at 5 GHz and rejected as lens systems if they failed well-defined surface brightness and/or morphological tests. To illustrate the candidate elimination process, we show examples of sources representative of particular morphologies that have been ruled out by the follow-up observations. 194 additional candidates, not in the well-defined sample, were also followed up. Maps for all the candidates can be found on the World Wide Web at http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/research/gravlens/index.html. We summarize the properties of each of the 22 gravitational lens systems in JVAS/CLASS. 12 are double-image systems, nine are four-image systems and one is a six-image system. 13 constitute a statistically well-defined sample giving a point-source lensing rate of 1:690 ± 190. The interpretation of the results in terms of the properties of the lensing galaxy population and cosmological parameters will be published elsewhere.

Cosmological Parameters from Cosmic Background Imager Observations and Comparisons with BOOMERANG, DASI, and MAXIMA

We report on the cosmological parameters derived from observations with the Cosmic Background Imager (CBI), covering 40 deg2 and the multipole range 300 l 3500. The angular scales probed by the CBI correspond to structures that cover the mass range from 1014 to 1017 M?, and the observations reveal, for the first time, the seeds that gave rise to clusters of galaxies. These unique, high-resolution observations also show damping in the power spectrum to l ~ 2000, which we interpret as being due to the finite width of the photon-baryon decoupling region and the viscosity operating at decoupling. Because the observations extend to much higher l, the CBI results provide information complementary to that probed by the BOOMERANG, DASI, MAXIMA, and VSA experiments. When the CBI observations are used in combination with those from COBE-DMR, we find evidence for a flat universe, ?tot = 1.00 (1 ?), a power-law index of primordial fluctuations, ns = 1.08, and densities in cold dark matter, ?cdmh2 = 0.16, and baryons, ?bh2 = 0.023. With the addition of large-scale structure priors the ?cdmh2 value is sharpened to 0.10, and we find ?? = 0.67. In the l < 1000 overlap region with the BOOMERANG, DASI, MAXIMA, and VSA experiments, the agreement between these four experiments is excellent, and we construct optimal power spectra in the CBI bands that demonstrate this agreement. We derive cosmological parameters for the combined cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments and show that these parameter determinations are stable as we progress from the weak priors using only CMB observations and very broad restrictions on cosmic parameters, through the addition of information from large-scale structure surveys, Hubble parameter determinations, and Type Ia supernova results. The combination of these with CMB observations gives a vacuum energy estimate of ?? = 0.70, a Hubble parameter of h = 0.69 ? 0.04, and a cosmological age of 13.7 ? 0.2 Gyr. As the observations are pushed to higher multipoles, no anomalies relative to standard models appear, and extremely good consistency is found between the cosmological parameters derived for the CBI observations over the range 610 < l < 2000 and observations at lower l.

Polarization Observations with the Cosmic Background Imager

Polarization observations of the cosmic microwave background with the Cosmic Background Imager from September 2002 to May 2004 provide a significant detection of the E-mode polarization and reveal an angular power spectrum of polarized emission showing peaks and valleys that are shifted in phase by half a cycle relative to those of the total intensity spectrum. This key agreement between the phase of the observed polarization spectrum and that predicted on the basis of the total intensity spectrum provides support for the standard model of cosmology, in which dark matter and dark energy are the dominant constituents, the geometry is close to flat, and primordial density fluctuations are predominantly adiabatic with a matter power spectrum commensurate with inflationary cosmological models.

FIRST INTRINSIC ANISOTROPY OBSERVATIONS WITH THE COSMIC BACKGROUND IMAGER

We present the first results of observations of the intrinsic anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation with the Cosmic Background Imager from a site at 5080 m altitude in northern Chile. Our observations show a sharp decrease in Cl in the range l = 400-1500. The broadband amplitudes we have measured are δTband = 58.7 μK for l = 603 and δTband = 29.7 μK for l = 1190, where these are half-power widths in l. Such a decrease in power at high l is one of the fundamental predictions of the standard cosmological model, and these are the first observations which cover a broad enough l range to show this decrease in a single experiment. The Cl we have measured enables us to place limits on the density parameter, Ωtot ≤ 0.4 or Ωtot ≥ 0.7 (90% confidence).

The VLBA Imaging and Polarimetry Survey at 5 GHz

We present the first results of the VLBA Imaging and Polarimetry Survey (VIPS), a 5 GHz VLBI survey of 1,127 sources with flat radio spectra. Through automated data reduction and imaging routines, we have produced publicly available I, Q, and U images and have detected polarized flux density from 37% of the sources. We have also developed an algorithm to use each sources I image to automatically classify it as a point-like source, a core-jet, a compact symmetric object (CSO) candidate, or a complex source. Using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we have found no significant trend between optical flux and 5 GHz flux density for any of the source categories. Using the velocity width of the H{beta} emission line and the monochromatic luminosity at 5100 to estimate the central black hole mass, M{sub BH}, we have found a weak trend between M{sub BH} and 5 GHz luminosity density for objects with SDSS spectra. Ongoing optical follow-up for all VIPS sources will allow for more detailed explorations of these issues. The mean ratio of the polarized to total 5 GHz flux density for VIPS sources with detected polarized flux density ranges from 1% to 20% with a median value of about 5%. This ratio is a factor of {approx}3 larger if only the jet components of core-jet systems are considered and is noticeably higher for relatively large core-jet systems than for other source types, regardless of which components (i.e., core, jet, or both) are considered. We have also found significant evidence that the directions of the jets in core-jet systems tend to be perpendicular to the electric vector position angles (EVPAs). The data is consistent with a scenario in which {approx}24% of the polarized core-jets have EVPAs that are anti-aligned with the directions of their jet components and which have a substantial amount of Faraday rotation. Follow-up observations at multiple frequencies will address this issue in more detail. In addition to these initial results, plans for future follow-up observations are discussed.

Measurements of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect in the Nearby Clusters A478, A2142, and A2256

An X-ray flux-limited sample of nearby clusters of galaxies has been defined for observations of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZE) to be carried out on the Owens Valley 5.5 m telescope at 32 GHz. The X-ray sample selection minimizes the systematic errors introduced by cluster elongation in the determination of H0. Owing to their proximity, these clusters are well studied in the X-ray wave bands. The measurement of the SZE in three of these clusters is reported in this paper: ΔT = -375 ± 28 μK (A478), -437 ± 25 μK (A2142), and -243 ± 29 μK (A2256). These values have been corrected for radio source contamination, but have not been corrected for the beam dilution and switching (which are model dependent). There is an additional overall calibration uncertainty of 7%. If the temperature profile of the clusters is known, then the SZE provides a direct probe of the baryonic mass in the hot ionized phase of the medium. We find surface baryonic mass densities of (7.5 ± 2.5) × 1013 M☉ Mpc-2 within the 735 FWHM Gaussian beam of the 5.5 m telescope projected on the cluster centers. For A2142, A2256, and the Coma cluster previously observed by Herbig et al., we find a consistent value for the ratio of the SZE determined baryonic mass to the gravitational binding mass of Msze/Mtot = 0.061 ± 0.011 h-1. Note that this is a lower limit on the total baryon fraction, as there may be significant contributions from other baryons. Comparison with the standard big bang nucleosynthesis prediction ΩBh2 = 0.013±0.02 gives a value for the cosmological density parameter of Ω0h 0.21±0.05, assuming our limit on the baryon fraction in clusters applies to the universe as a whole. This density is in agreement with independently determined values from large-scale structure studies. Recent values for ΩBh2 based upon deuterium abundances are outside the previously accepted range, and in combination with our data lead to significantly higher or lower Ω0. Finally, we present preliminary determinations of the Hubble constant using X-ray models gleaned from the literature. The data from the three clusters, along with the results previously obtained using the same telescope on the Coma Cluster, yield a sample average value H0 = 54 ± 14 km s-1 Mpc-1. We discuss the uncertainties in these results and future prospects for this method.

1608+656 - A QUADRUPLE-LENS SYSTEM FOUND IN THE CLASS GRAVITATIONAL LENS SURVEY

The first phase of a large gravitational lens survey using the Very Large Array at a wavelength of 3.6 cm has been completed, yielding images for 3258 radio sources. The Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey (CLASS) is designed to locate gravitational lens systems consisting of multiply imaged compact components with separations greater than 02. We report here the first discovery of a gravitational lens from the survey: 1608+656, a quadruply imaged object with a maximum separation of 21. Images from the Palomar 5 m and Keck 10 m telescopes show the lensed images and the lensing galaxy. An optical spectrum obtained with the Palomar 5 m telescope indicates a redshift of z=0.6304 for the lensing galaxy. No conclusive redshift for the lensed object has been determined, although a single strong emission line is found at 9240 A in the Keck low-resolution imaging spectrograph spectrum. The two most likely identifications for this line are Hβ (z=0.90) and Mg II (z=2.30). The preliminary lens model derived from the radio image reproduces the observed configuration and relative fluxes of the images, as well as the position, shape, and orientation of the lensing galaxy. Because a simple mass model is able to fit the observations, we argue that this lens system is promising for determining H0.