Samuel Ferreira da Silva

Geotechnology and landscape ecology applied to the selection of potential forest fragments for seed harvesting

The Atlantic Forest biome is recognized for its biodiversity and is one of the most threatened biomes on the planet, with forest fragmentation increasing due to uncontrolled land use, land occupation, and population growth. The most serious aspect of the forest fragmentation process is the edge effect and the loss of biodiversity. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of forest fragmentation and select potential forest fragments with a higher degree of conservation for seed harvesting in the Itapemirim river basin, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Image classification techniques, forest landscape ecology, and multi-criteria analysis were used to evaluate the evolution of forest fragmentation to develop the landscape metric indexes, and to select potential forest fragments for seed harvesting for the years 1985 and 2013. According to the results, there was a reduction of 2.55% of the occupancy of the fragments in the basin between the years 1985 and 2013. For the years 1985 and 2013, forest fragment units 2 and 3 were spatialized with a high potential for seed harvesting, representing 6.99% and 16.01% of the total fragments, respectively. The methodology used in this study has the potential to be used to support decisions for the selection of potential fragments for seed harvesting because selecting fragments in different environments by their spatial attributes provides a greater degree of conservation, contributing to the protection and conscious management of the forests. The proposed methodology can be adapted to other areas and different biomes of the world.

Itaipu royalties: The role of the hydroelectric sector in water resource management

For countries dependent on hydroelectricity, water scarcity poses a real risk. Hydroelectric plants are among the most vulnerable enterprises to climate change. Investing in the conservation of the hydrographic basin is a solution found by the hydropower sector. Given the importance of the Itaipu plant to the energy matrix of Brazil and Paraguay, the aim of this study is to review the current distribution of royalties from Itaipu, using the hydrographic basin as a of criterion of analysis. Approximately 98.73% of the Itaipu basin is in Brazil. The flow contributes 99% of the total electricity generated there, while the drop height of the water contributes only 1%. Under the current policy, royalties are shared equally between Brazil and Paraguay. In the proposed approach, each country would receive a percentage for their participation in the drop height and water flow in the output of the turbines, which are intrinsic factors for electricity generation. Thus, Brazil would receive 98.35% of the royalties and Paraguay, 1.65%. The inclusion of the hydrographic basin as a criterion for the distribution of royalties will promote more efficient water resource management, since the payment will be distributed throughout the basin of the plant. The methodology can be applied to hydroelectric projects worldwide.

UTILIZAÇÃO DO SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO NA AGRICULTURA DE PRECISÃO: UMA ANÁLISE BIBLIOMÉTRICA

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a producao cientifica sobre a utilizacao do sensoriamento remoto na agricultura de precisao, desenvolvida por autores vinculados a instituicoes brasileiras, com base numa ampla compilacao de artigos cientificos. Adotou-se como metodologia de pesquisa a analise bibliometrica e, a partir dela, relacionaram-se os resultados obtidos as dimensoes espacial, temporal, institucional e tematica da pesquisa brasileira nesta area. Os resultados evidenciam que, apesar de recente, o sensoriamento remoto vem contribuindo para o manejo da agricultura a sitio especifico, estando a producao cientifica concentrada, principalmente, nas instituicoes das regioes Sudeste e Sul do Brasil. A maior frequencia de uso dessa geotecnologia tem ocorrido no nivel terrestre, o que permite o aprimoramento e lancamento de novos sistemas sensores comerciais. Verificou-se que as diferencas nas abordagens variam em funcao das tecnicas empregadas. Enquanto que no sensoriamento remoto terrestre o enfoque esta na caracterizacao do comportamento espectral de solos e de plantas, no sensoriamento remoto orbital a contribuicao esta nas estimativas de variacoes espaciais e/ou temporais de areas cultivadas e de produtividades, condicoes importantes para a previsao de safras agricolas.

Relation of El Niño and La Niña phenomena to precipitation, evapotranspiration and temperature in the Amazon basin

Weather phenomena El Niño and La Niña are observed by meteorological variables, which allows you to track climate change and its possible effects in certain regions. The objective of this study was to analyze the behavior of rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration in the Amazon river basin (Latitudes 5° N to 20° S and Longitudes 50° W to 80° W), comparing them with the occurrence of El Niño and La Niña phenomena, from January 2000 to December 2016. The values referring to the meteorological variables were obtained from the TRMM and MODIS orbital sensors. After data pre-processing, the data were separated into monthly and annual scales and per period according to the presence or absence of El Niño and La Niña phenomena. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that the studied variables were affected by modification of both phenomena. The modifications are more noticeable in the distinction between the more and less rainy periods. Among the variables studied, the evapotranspiration was severely affected in the rainiest months, the La Niña phenomenon, and the least rainy months, El Niño. Thus, it was possible to conclude that, in general, the presence of La Niña increased precipitation values in comparison to the Neutral period, but the inverse occurs in the presence of El Niño. The methodology applied in the present study was adequate for the analysis of the modifications of the meteorological variables coming from the El Niño and La Niña phenomena, being able to be adapted to other variables and regions.

Influence of Solar Radiation and Wet Processing on the Final Quality of Arabica Coffee

The coffee growing in the state of Espirito Santo has some peculiarities that differ from the other regions producing Arabica coffee in Brazil because it has a diversity of edaphoclimatic conditions that influence the final quality of the bean. This study aimed to demonstrate and quantify the effect of solar radiation and of different forms of wet process on the final quality of Arabica coffee in crops located in the altitude range of 950 meters, in order to understand what would be the best wet processing methods for the coffee cultivated to the East (sun-grown) and coffee cultivated to the South-Southeast (shade-grown). The results indicate that shading has a significant effect on the final quality of the Arabica coffee, as well as the type of wet process used to process the beans after harvest. Therefore, there is a need to study in depth the factors related to the processing, edaphoclimatic, and relief conditions inherent to mountain coffee cultivation.

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MUDAS DE REPOLHO EM DIFERENTES TIPOS SUBSTRATOS

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento vegetativo de mudas de repolho, em diferentes tipos de substrato orgânicos. O experimento foi conduzido em uma casa de vegetacao utilizando tres substratos, S1 - Comercial; S2 - Vermicomposto; S3 - Serapilheira. Os parâmetros morfoagronomicos avaliados foram o comprimento das mudas, sendo: altura parte aerea (APA), comprimento da maior raiz (CMR) e altura total das plântulas (AT) que e o somatorio da APA e CMR. Os substratos apresentaram diferencas significativas entre si, sendo que a Serapilheira apresentou os melhores resultados de desenvolvimento vegetativo juntamente com o vermicomposto. Concluindo-se que a producao de mudas de repolho pode ser feita a partir de substratos orgânicos alternativos, recomendando a substituicao total dos substratos comerciais, visando menor custo na producao das mudas, garantindo boa produtividade e qualidade das mudas de repolho das cultivares estudadas.

ÁREA IRRIGADA POR PIVÔ CENTRAL NO MUNICÍPIO DE PINHEIROS, ES

Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o levantamento da area irrigada com pivo central no municipio de Pinheiros, Espirito Santo, Brasil. O levantamento da area irrigada por pivo central foi realizado mediante o uso do programa Google Earth TM Pro. Foi feito a sobreposicao do arquivo vetorial do municipio de Pinheiros sobre a imagem de satelite disponivel no programa computacional. Em seguida realizou-se a fotointerpretacao de todas as areas irrigadas com pivo central. A escala utilizada foi de 1:1.000. Foram levantados o raio (m), o perimetro (m) e a area de cada alvo fotointerpretado. Chegando a uma conclusao que o municipio de Pinhiros possui 116 areas irrigadas por pivo central, totalizando uma area de 5624,40 ha.

DESENVOLVIMENTO VEGETATIVO DE MUDAS DE ALFACE EM DIFERENTES SUBSTRATOS ORGÂNICOS

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a producao de mudas de alface dos cultivares Monica e Regina, em diferentes tipos de substrato orgânicos, buscando formas alternativas na sua producao. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetacao utilizando tres substratos, S1 - Comercial; S2 - Vermicomposto; S3 - Serrapilheira. Foi avaliado os parâmetros morfoagronomicos do comprimento das mudas, sendo; altura parte aerea, comprimento da maior raiz e altura total. Os substratos apresentaram diferencas significativas entre si, sendo que a Serrapilheira apresentou os melhores resultados de desenvolvimento vegetativo juntamente com o vermicomposto. Concluindo-se que a producao de mudas de alface pode ser feita a partir de substratos orgânicos, recomendando a substituicao total dos substratos comerciais, visando menor custo na producao, mas garantindo boa produtividade e qualidade das mudas de alface.

COMPOSTOS ORGÂNICOS COMO SUBSTRATO NA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE REPOLHO DAS CULTIVARES CHATO DE QUINTAL E ROXO MAMMOU TH RED ROCK

Entre as variedades botânicas das especies de repolho, a de maior importância economica mundial e a Brasica Oleracea var. capitata, sendo no Brasil, a brasicacia mais consumida. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de substratos orgânicos na producao de mudas de repolho. Os substratos avaliados foram: S1) Substrato Comercial, S2) Vermicomposto e S3) Serapilheira, utilizando a concentracao de 100% para todos os substratos; e duas variedades de repolho: 1) Chato de quintal, 2) Roxo Mammou TH RED ROCK. O arranjo experimental utilizado foi em esquema fatorial 3x2 no formato de DIC, com 3 repeticoes, sendo que cada repeticao com 5 plantas. As caracteristicas avaliadas foram: altura total da planta, altura da parte aerea, comprimento da maior raiz, sendo avaliadas no 25° dia. Dentro dos resultados obtidos no experimento, notou-se que o substrato orgânico de Serrapilheira proporcionou melhor desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas.

Análise espacial dos fragmentos florestais da sub-bacia hidrográfica do Rio da Prata em Ibiraçu e Aracruz - ES, Brasil

The aim of this work was to map forest fragments in the Rio da Prata subwatershed, in Ibiracu and Aracruz — ES, as well as to analyze the structure of the forest landscape by metric indexes and landscape ecology. Mapping was obtained by photo interpretation in a scale of 1:5,000. A hundred and sixty-four fragments were found, representing 40.69% of the Rio da Prata subwatershed total area. Very small fragments (<5 ha) were predominating in the subwatershed, totalizing 138 fragments. Therefore, the forest constitution in the subwatershed is mostly made up of fragments smaller than 5 ha, indicating an elevated degree of forest fragmentation.