Sandra J. Darkin-Rattray

Apicidins: Novel cyclic tetrapeptides as coccidiostats and antimalarial agents from Fusarium pallidoroseum

Abstract Apicidin is a cyclic tetrapeptide [cyclo-(N-O-Methyl-L-Trp-L-Ile-D-Pip-L-2-amino-8-oxo-decanoyl)] isolated from Fusarium pallidoroseum by bioassay guided separation. It is a potent inhibitor of apicomplexan histone deacetylase (IC50 1–2 nM), a broad spectrum antiparasitic agent in vitro against apicomplexan parasites and has shown in vivo efficacy against Plasmodium berghei malaria. Isolation, structure and stereochemistry are discussed.

Broad spectrum antiprotozoal agents that inhibit histone deacetylase: structure-activity relationships of apicidin. Part 1.

Apicidin, a natural product recently isolated at Merck, inhibits both mammalian and protozoan histone deacetylases (HDACs). The conversion of apicidin, a nanomolar inhibitor of HDACs, into a series of side-chain analogues that display picomolar enzyme affinity is described within this structure-activity study.

Synthesis of side chain modified apicidin derivatives: potent mechanism-based histone deacetylase inhibitors

Abstract An efficient degradation of apicidins ketone-containing side chain to two common intermediates (the C7-aldehyde and the C8-methyl ester) is described. From these intermediates, a series of potent mechanism-based histone deacetylase inhibitors was prepared to facilitate biochemical studies.

Design and synthesis of histone deacetylase inhibitors: the development of apicidin transition state analogs

Abstract A four step degradation of the C8 ethyl ketone of apicidin provided a route to the C6 aldehyde intermediate and several mechanism-based transition state inhibitors of histone deacetylase. The compounds generated herein delineate the significance of apicidins side chain, highlighted by the high affinity C8 aldehyde and C8-keto-9,10-epoxide analogs of apicidin.

N-alkyl-4-piperidinyl-2,3-diarylpyrrole derivatives with heterocyclic substitutions as potent and broad spectrum anticoccidial agents.

Diaryl-(4-piperidinyl)-pyrrole derivatives bearing cyclic amine substituents have been synthesized and evaluated as anticoccidial agents. Improvements in potency of Et-PKG inhibition, such as azetidine derivative 3a, and broad spectrum anticoccidial activities in feed, such as morpholine derivative 8c, have been achieved.