Saugirdas Pukalskas

Ecological Aspects of Using Biological Diesel Oil in Railway Transport

The number of various transport facilities used in Europe is rapidly growing. They release a big amount of pollutants into the atmosphere. Therefore, environment protection from these pollutants ejected by internal combustion engines is a key problem facing us today and which will be acute in the future. Biofuel is the only effective and widely used alternative fuel which can reduce pollution of the environment. The main aim of the present paper is to perform a comparative analysis of burnt gases of engines using rapeseed oil methyl ester and petroleum diesel oil and to determine ecological effectiveness of biofuel used in diesel locomotive engines in railway transport.

The influence of turpentine additive on the ecological parameters of diesel engines

Abstract After Lithuanias accession to the EU it is very important to use a larger amount of renewable fuel. Based on economic and environmental considerations in Lithuania, we are interested in studying the effects of turpentine contents in the blended turpentine‐diesel fuel on the engine performance and pollutant emission of compression ignition (CI) engine. Therefore, we used engine test facilities to investigate the effects on the engine performance and pollutant emission of 5 % turpentine in the fuel blend. The tests were carried out in the laboratory on an engine dynamometer of the car Audi 1Z and tractor D21 diesel engines. The experimental results showed that turpentine used in the fuel blend for these diesel engines had a positive influence on the engine performance and exhaust emission.

The Economic Effect of Using Biological Diesel Oil on Railway Transport

Abstract The tests performed by the authors have shown that diesel locomotive engines efficiently operate using a mixture of diesel oil and about 40% of rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) while their ecological and economical parameters do not differ much from those of the locomotives operating on pure diesel oil. When biodiesel is used, the pollutants released into the atmosphere by an engine are less harmful. Therefore, the respective laws of the Republic of Lithuania provide for some financial incentives and allowances to transport enterprises using biological diesel oil. The paper presents a mathematical model for determining the expenses associated with the use of biological diesel oil.

The mixture of biobutanol and petrol for Otto engines

Abstract The expansion of production and the use of biofuels are determined by the legal acts of the European Commission and National legal acts encouraging such production and usage. It would be meaningful to use the mixtures of butanol and petrol in Otto engines. It was determined the possibility of producing biobutanol as a biofuel of the second generation from lignocellulose hydrolyzed to C5/C6 carbohydrates. If the 20–30% potential of lignocellulose biomass in Lithuania is used, it would be possible to produce 200–300 thousand t of biobutanol per year. The amount of carbon monoxide CO decreases by more than 80% when the engine works using the mixtures of petrol and butanol if compared to the CO amount of the engine working with petrol. When the engine works using the mixture of 30% butanol and petrol, the amount of carbon dioxide CO2 decreases by 4% on average, and in case it works with the mixture of 50% butanol and petrol ‐ by 14% if compared to the CO2 amount of the engine working using petrol. Wh...

The exploitation and environmental characteristics of diesel fuel containing rapeseed butyl esters

In an effort to consume fewer non-renewable resources and use primarily raw materials of biological origin in the production of biofuel, biomass-derived biobutanol can be used for transesterification of rapeseed oil. The study investigates the physical and chemical characteristics of rapeseed oil butyl esters (RBE) and 10%, 20% and 30% RBE-diesel composites. Characteristics of RBE and their composites with conventional diesel (D) are a little different from rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME) and their composites with D, while their basic characteristics comply with the requirements of European Standard EN 14214. Comparative tests in 4-stroke 4-cylinder 1Z type diesel engine of Audi-80 using 10-30% RBE and 10-30% RME compounds as fuels have been performed, and the results indicate that the biologically derived additives improved the energy characteristics of the engine but increased the fuel consumption compared to pure diesel. Increasing the bio-component concentration up to 30% in diesel and biodiesel fuel (RME and RBE) mixtures leads to complex improvements in the environmental impact compared to pure diesel; however, in the case of mixtures with RBE, slightly higher concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were observed in engine exhaust gases compared to RME and D mixtures of analogical composition.

Comparative investigations into energetic and ecological parameters of camelina-based biofuel used in the 1Z diesel engine

Abstract The paper presents the findings of comparative investigations into the operation of Audi 80 1.9l 4 cylinder diesel engine, TDI, type 1Z, 66 kW powered by new FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) mixtures of spring (SCME) and winter (WCME) camelina-based biofuel and mineral diesel. The article assesses the principles of operating electronic control over the diesel engine (ECS) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and looks at a positive impact of the system on energetic (be, ηe) and ecological (CH, NOx, CO2, SM) parameters. The ECS of the average and maximal power of the engine improve in-cylinder air injection that has an impact on an increase in ηe by approximately 30% and reduces the emission of the harmful components from incomplete combustion. It is accepted that in case diesel fuel is replaced by FAME biofuels (RME – rapeseed methyl ester; SCME – spring camelina methyl ester; WCME – winter camelina methyl ester), ECS control parameters shall not be retrofitted or additionally optimized. The proper...

Analysis of exhaust gas composition of internal combustion engines using liquefied petroleum gas

Abstract The problems of implementation of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) supply systems are related with the fact that they are alternative systems used in engines constructed and optimized for work with other kinds of fuel. So assemblers of the systems have to evaluate power losses and at the same time ecological requirements. The experiment is devoted to the analysis of gas composition of engines working at different modes in order to specify the particularity of LPG system tuning and to obtain data for the evaluation of environmental pollution by numerical car dynamics models. It is estimated that the algorithms of current LPG systems balance between ecological requirements and optimization of external characteristics of engines, and the gas systems are characterized by a great inertia. Also, it is determined that more precise tuning algorithms must be constructed, and more tuning points and tuning, when an engine works in standard modes, must be foreseen.

The dynamic behaviour of a wheel flat of a railway vehicle and rail irregularities

The article examines a mathematical model for the system ‘Railway Vehicle Wheel–Track’ that allows examining the interaction between a wheel flat and a rail in the vertical plane. The dynamics of the railway track is described using the finite element method while that of the soil and vehicle is expressed applying discrete elements. The model is used for assessing physical and mechanical properties, the roughness of the wheel, rail surface and their geometry. The analysis of the dynamic system ‘Railway Vehicle Wheel–Track’ has been conducted. In accordance with the revised method, forces arising from contact between the wheel flat and the rail are possible to be determined in a more precise way. The article presents and analyses the results of a mathematical experiment on this system.

The research into the influence of ecological petrol additives in the automobile laboratory

It will be important for Lithuania to use larger amounts of renewed fuel after it becomes a member of the European Union. The authors analyze how ethanol contents affect pollutant emissions and the performance of SI engines when blended ethanol-petrol fuels are used. The results of a test on a chassis dynamometer with two different cars revealed that using ethanol-petrol fuel blends improves engine performance and reduces emissions.

The methodology for calculation of road accident costs

The presented methodology for accounting the costs caused by road accidents is based on the fact that a person who died or was injured in a traffic accident will not contribute to the economic wealfare of the country anymore or his/her contribution will reduce. Broken vehicles, damaged cargoes or defected road constructions cause huge losses to the state. A financial assessment of material losses caused by road accidents enables providing a feasibility report in respect of efficiency of newly introduced traffic safety measures. The aim of the presented methodology is an establishment of the road accident costs that would conform to the todays economic level of Lithuania. The developed methodology for accounting road accident costs will enable more precise assessment of a necessity, perspectives and priorities of investment projects in the transport system as well as an accomplishment of funding allocation tasks.