Sergei Belev

Структурные Альтернативы Налогового Администрирования (Structural Alternatives to the Tax Administration)

This study analyzes several structural alternatives of tax administration in terms of contracts design for tax officers. Particularly, it considers pros and cons of using different efficiency indicators within an efficient contract framework. To understand, which indicators can be used in practice, there has been conducted an analysis of official documents. Since it is not explicitly stated in official data which indicators are used, econometric methods can be viewed as an alternative approach to figure out the presence of relationship between the wage fund and its possible determinants. Overall, the results indicate that the salaries level depends on revenues from taxes and fines, as well as additional revenues from field checks along with expenditures from tax proceeding revisions by courts, ceteris paribus. The estimated effects of these variables constitute only minor fraction of wage payments.

Russia’s State Budget in 2012

In 2014, Russia’s budgetary sphere was operating under the cumulative influence of several negative factors. A further slowdown in the national economy’s growth rate to 0.6% (vs. 1.3% in 2013) occurred due to the declining prices of oil in the second half-year of 2014. The average annual price of Urals in 2014 dropped to

Comparative Analysis of the Effectiveness of Individual Instruments of State Investment Policy

97.6 vs.

Сравнительный Анализ Эффективности Применения Отдельных Инструментов Государственной Инвестиционной Политики (Comparative Analysis of the Effectiveness of Individual Instruments of State Investment Policy)

107.9 per barrel in 2013. At the same time, it is necessary to emphasize that the slowdown in the Russian economy had first been noted during an earlier period, while oil prices had been even higher, and so this was by no means a decisive factor of economic development. However, for the budgetary system, and primarily from the point of view of the ‘oil and gas’ component of federal budget revenue, it was the price of oil that became the key determining parameter. As for the negative factors that the economy has been faced with, it is also necessary to point to the economic sanctions introduced against Russia from the spring of 2014 by the West, as a result of which investment activity declined and borrowed funds became far less easily obtainable. All these factors produced a negative effect on the growth rate of revenue inflow in the RF budgetary system. As estimated by the RF Ministry of Finance, Russia’s loss of federal budget revenue in 2014 amounted to

International Experience in Assessing the Long-Term Budgetary Impact of Programs at the Federal, Regional and Municipal Level

150bn as a result of the downward movement of prices for oil, and to about

Оценка Масштабов и Эффектов Централизации в России в 2014 Году (Assessment of the Extent and Effects of Centralization in Russia in 2014)

50bn due to the economic sanctions. It is only thanks to the relatively high prices for energy carriers in the international raw materials markets over the period of January-June 2014, when the price of Urals never dropped below

Международный Опыт Оценки Результативности Долгосрочных Бюджетных Программ На Федеральном, Региональном и Муниципальном Уровне (International Experience in Assessing the Long-Term Budgetary Impact of Programs at the Federal, Regional and Municipal Level)

106 per barrel, that the execution of budget revenue resulted in no shrinkage in the volume of receipts, neither in absolute nor in relative terms. Besides, another factor that conduced to increasing receipts was the decline of the ruble’s foreign exchange rate, which in part compensated for the downward movement of oil prices over the second half of the year. On the whole over that year, the ruble-to-USD exchange rate rose from 33.5 in January to 55.5 in December 2014.