Seung-Heui Kim

The Suitable Region and Site for 'Fuji' Apple Under the Projected Climate in South Korea

Information on the expected geographical shift of suitable zones for growing crops under future climate is a starting point of adaptation planning in agriculture and is attracting much concern from policy makers as well as researchers. Few practical schemes have been developed, however, because of the difficulty in implementing the site-selection concept at an analytical level. In this study, we suggest site-selection criteria for quality Fuji apple production and integrate geospatial data and information available in public domains (e.g., digital elevation model, digital soil maps, digital climate maps, and predictive models for agroclimate and fruit quality) to implement this concept on a GIS platform. Primary criterion for selecting sites suitable for Fuji apple production includes land cover, topography, and soil texture. When the primary criterion is satisfied, climatic conditions such as the length of frost free season, freezing risk during the overwintering period, and the late frost risk in spring are tested as the secondary criterion. Finally, the third criterion checks for fruit quality such as color and shape. Land attributes related to these factors in each criterion were implemented in ArcGIS environment as relevant raster layers for spatial analysis, and retrieval procedures were automated by writing programs compatible with ArcGIS. This scheme was applied to the A1B projected climates for South Korea in the future normal years (2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100) as well as the current climate condition observed in 1971-2000 for selecting the sites suitable for quality Fuji apple production in each period. Results showed that this scheme can figure out the geographical shift of suitable zones at landscape scales as well as the latitudinal shift of northern limit for cultivation at national or regional scales.

Evaluation of Yield and Quality from Red Pepper for Application Rates of Pig Slurry Composting Biofiltration

The application in agricultural fields of pig slurry composting biofiltraton amending smell and nutrient unevenness, it is important for the appropriate nitrogen nutrient management to promote the availability of the crops and to minimize the risk of adversely environmental effects. The objective of this study was to determine the application rates of the preplant pig slurry composting biofiltration for red pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) by considering the yield response and the fruit quality such as sugar, capsaicinoid content. Red peppers were grown on plastic film ground under five different pig slurry(PS) application rates and mineral fertilizer(MF 100%) as a control. The effects of a single application of five different doses of PS: PS 0%(no kg N ), PS 50%(51.5 kg N ), PS 75%(77.3 kg N ), PS 100%(103 kg N ) and PS 125%(129 kg N ) were compared with the recommended mineral treatment(103 kg N ) in the pre-planting. The sidedressing N application(87 kg N ) was applied to the mineral fertilizer in all treatments. Red peppers were harvested at the mature red stage through five times from 72 days after transplanting(DAT) to 133 DAT. The results indicated that the yield of red pepper was increased with the increase of the N application rates from PS 0% to PS 100%. The highest yield was obtained in PS 100% by 20,843 kg , although there were no significant differences in yield among PS 100, PS 125% and MF 100%. In addition, The contents of soluble sugar and capsaicinoids were not significantly different in all treatments. Accordingly, fertilization recommendations of red pepper to substitute PS for the mineral fertilizer were considered to PS 100%.

EFFECTS OF ROOT ZONE PH AND NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION ON THE GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF TOMATO SEEDLINGS

The effects of nutrient concentration and pH, two major chemical properties of soil, on plant responses were investigated with seedlings of tomato, which is widely grown in greenhouses, as the model plant. An experiment with four levels of nutrient concentration [None (NC 0), 1 (NC 1), 5 (NC 5), and 10 folds (NC 10)], in combination with three pH levels (4, 6, and 8), was conducted. The fresh and dry weight and leaf area of tomato seedling increased until NC5, but decreased at NC10. Transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, and evapotranspiration reduced with increasing nutrient concentration. The responses to the pH levels differed by the nutrient-concentration levels. The unsuitable root zone pH, pH 4 and pH 8, caused more reductions of transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, and evapotranspiration than pH 6 does under high nutrient concentrations, specifically pH 8 strongly depressed these. At pH 8, fresh and dry weight and areas of shoot and root sharply reduced more than at pH 4. Total nitrogen (N) content in shoot and root was not significantly affected by pHs and nutrient concentrations. High pH and high nutrient concentration level increased magnesium uptake, but decreased calcium uptake. The contents of microelements decreased as nutrient concentration increased. Changes of macro and micro element content among treatments were smaller in shoot than in root. The results imply that not only nutrient concentration but also root zone pH is associated with osmotic stress, and tomato seedlings have a tendency to reduce shoot more than root against the stress. However, nutrient contents of shoot are maintained over a certain level and surplus nutrients are stored at the root.

Estimation of Soil CO 2 Efflux from an Apple Orchard

This study was conducted to quantify the soil respiratory emission (SR) in an apple orchard and to determine its relationship with key environmental factors such as air temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture content. Experiment was made over the period from 23 April 2007 to 31 March 2008 in `Fuji` apple orchard of National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The SR was measured by using the automatic opening/closing chamber system based on a closed method. Diurnal variations in SR showed an increase around 0700 hours with increasing soil temperature, its peak between 1400 and 1500 hours, and then a gradual decrease thereafter. Daily variations in SR depended largely on soil and air temperatures over the year, ranging from 0.8 to 13.7 g . During the rainy spell in summer (JulyAutumn) with higher temperature and more precipitation, the SR was lower than that in the spring (MayJune) with moderate temperature. The SR showed a significant exponential relationship with soil temperature (

Recommendation of Nitrogen Fertilization for Cucumber from Relationship between Soil Nitrate Nitrogen and Yield

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Relative Contribution rate on Soil Physico-chemical properties Related to Fruit Quality of `Fuji` apple

This study was carried out to establish the reasonable level of nitrogen (N) fertilization based on soil nitrate nitrogen content for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under plastic film house. Cucumber plants were cultivated with standard and free N fertilization in eight soils which had various amount of ranging from 67 to 343 mg/kg. The yield of cucumber was in the range of 1006 to 2369 g/plant depending on the nitrogen supplying capability of soils. The amount of in the soil was negatively correlated with agronomic efficiency (AE) and N use efficiency (NUE). The critical level of soil content for cucumber in N free fertilization was found to be about 260 mg/kg in Cate-Nelson analysis of variance between soil and AE or NUE. Also the same critical soil content was found in the yield and amount of N uptake of cucumber under N free fertilization. A standard N fertilization was required when soil content was below 70 mg/kg. The optimal application rate of N fertilizer for cucumber in the soils containing between 260-70 mg/kg could be recommended by the equation Y=-1.032X+269.2 (Y: N fertilization rate, kg/ha; X : soil content mg/kg).

Correlation Analysis Between Fruit Quality of `Campbell Early` Grapes and Climatic Factors

The management standard on soil conditions in ‘Fuji’ apple to produce high quality fruit were not yet made. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the optimum soil environmental conditions of ten contents on production of high quality fruit in ‘Fuji’ apple. The soil and fruit characteristics were analyzed at total 60 orchards in major apple producing areas such as Chungju, Moonkyeung, yeongju, andong, yeosan and yeongcheon (10 orchards an area). The soil environmental factors affected fruit weight was highest relative contribution in saturated hydraulic conductivity of 36.5%. The bulk density and soil pH were low as relative contribution. The fruit weight was influenced by soil physical properties more than soil chemical properties. The soil environmental factors affected sugar content were hydraulic conductivity of 28.3% and organic matter content of 18.2%. The cultivation layer depth and soil pH were low as relative contribution. The fruit coloring was highest relative contribution in saturated hydraulic conductivity 55.9%. while soil pH, cation and soil texture were low. Fruit coloring was high influenced over 70% by soil physical properties. Finally, relative contribution on fruit quality related with sugar content, fruit weight, and coloring were high influenced by saturated hydraulic conductivity of 21.% and organic matter content of 18.7% but bulk density and cultivation layer depth were low relative contribution. The fruit growth and saturated hydraulic conductivity in ‘Fuji’ apple were very closely related. Therefore, orchard soil management to produce high quality fruit was very importance drainage management and organic matter application. We concluded that scientific soil management is possible by qualifiable of soil management factors.Key words:

Relationship between Soil Management Methods and Soil Chemical Properties in Protected Cultivation

The study was conducted to investigate the correlation analysis between fruit quality and climatic parameters in grapevines. `Campbell Early`, one of the major grape cultivars, occupies more than 70% of cultivated areas in Korea. Recent research results have shown that the movement of cultivation area of fruit production resulted from the temperature increase. In this study, we investigated the relationship between fruit quality and climatic conditions in 13 major `Campbell Early` grape producing areas (i.e., Sacheon, Jinju, Naju, Dangjin, Cheonan, Gimcheon, Yeongdong, Okcheon, Sangju, Suwon, Yeongju, Gangneung, Chuncheon, and Yanggu). The earliest and latest full blooming days of grapevines were ovserved on May 25 in Sacheon area and on June 7 in Yanggu area, respectively. At least 90 days are required for grapes to mature enough for the production of highquality fruits. The southern areas with less than 90 days of maturity period had difficulty in the production of good fruit. However, the areas with longer maturity period of 100 to 110 days produced grapes with with high sugar content and good coloring. The fruit qualities of `Campbell Early` grapes are more closely related with temperature than other climatic factors. High temperature resulted in fruits with high acidity and delayed the coloration of the fruit skin in the southern area. The fruit skin was thin in the southern area and inclined to be thicker in the northern areas. Therefore, grape should be cultivated in regions with long maturity period to have high quality.

Prediction of Evapotranspiration from Grape Vines in Suwon with the FAO Penman-Monteith Equation

Various cultural practices have been promoted as management options for enhancing soil quality and health. The use of soil management methods can cause changes in fertility by affecting soil chemical properties. This study aimed to evaluate interactions between soil chemical properties and soil management methods in protected cultivation, and to classify soil management methods that similarly affect soil chemical properties. Water-logging and irrigation reduced soil pH and available content. Application of animal manures has a positive effect on levels of organic matter, Av., K, Zn, and Cu. The electrical conductivites tened to be low in the application of organic amendments, including rice and wood residues. Deeper plowing caused a reduction in Ca content. Practicing soil nutrient-considering fertilization and fertigation did not exert an influence on nutrient element contents. In a cluster analysis of the soil management methods according to major nutrients, low similarities were found with deeper plowing and crop rotation with rice in comparison with other practices. In a cluster analysis by minor nutrient characteristics, crop rotation and application of animal manures and rice residues were linked at a high Wards distance, while other practices were found to be relatively low distinct. Each soil management method has a similar or different effect on soil chemical properties. These results suggest the necessity of establishing limits and standards according to the effects of soil management methods on soil chemical properties for economic soil practices.

Xylem Sap Flow Affected by Short-term Variation of Soil Moisture Regimes at Higher Growth Period in 'Fuji'/M.9 Apple Trees with Different Fruit Loads

Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Penman-Monteith (PM) equation is one of the most widely used equations for predicting evapotranspiration (ET) of crops. The ET rate and the base crop coefficients (Kcb) of the two different grape vines (i.e., Campbell Early and Kyoho) cultivated in Suwon were calculated by using the FAO PM equation. The ET rate of Campbell Early was 2.41 mm day−1 and that of Kyoho was 2.22 mm day−1 in August when the leaf area index was 2.2. During this period, the Kcb of Campbell Early based on the FAO PM equation was on average 0.49 with the maximum value of 0.72. On the other hand, the Kcb of Kyoho was averaged to be 0.45 with the maximum value of 0.64. The seasonal leaf area index for two grape cultivars was measured as 0.15 in April, 0.5 in May, 1.4 in June, 2.2 in July-September, and 1.5 in October. The Kcb of Campbell Early showed a seasonal variation, changing from 0.03 in April to 0.11 in May, 0.31 in June, 0.49 in JulySeptember, and 0.33 in October. The magnitudes and the seasonality of Kcb of Kyoho were similar to those of Campbell Early.