Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee

Separation and Identification of Volatile Compounds from Liquid Cultures of Trichoderma harzianum by GC-MS using Three Different Capillary Columns

A simple, fast, repeatable and less laborious sample preparation protocol was developed and applied for the analysis of biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum strain FA1132 by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The match factors for sample spectra with respect to the mass spectra library of fungal volatile compounds were determined and used to study the complex hydrocarbons and other volatile compounds, which were separated by using different capillary columns with nonpolar, medium polar and high polar stationary phases. To date, more than 278 volatile compounds (with spectral match factor at least 90%) such as normal saturated hydrocarbons (C7-C30), cyclohexane, cyclopentane, fatty acids, alcohols, esters, sulfur-containing compounds, simple pyrane and benzene derivatives have been identified. Most of these compounds have not previously been reported. The method described in this paper is a more convenient research tool for the detection of volatile compounds from the cultures of T. harzianum.

Heavy Metal Contaminants Removal from Wastewater Using the PotentialFilamentous Fungi Biomass: A Review

Heavy metal pollution of wastewater currently becomes a key environmental problem throughout the whole world. Conventional methods for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions are not economically and environmental friendly because it has produced massive quantity of toxic chemical compounds. Recently, the removal of heavy metals from wastewater are extensively used various conventional methods such as chemical precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, flotation, ion exchange and membrane filtration. Biological treatments, especially filamentous fungi have gained an increasing attention for heavy metal removal and recovery due to their upright performances, low cost and huge quantities. The filamentous fungi have a great potential to produce large amount of biomasses which are widely used for metal adsorption capacities of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, As and Ni. Production of biomass has offered great potential for adopting metal-recovery system. The main aim of this review paper is to discuss the available information of heavy metals removal for the utilization of filamentous fungi biomass and scrutinize the practical of exploiting them for heavy metal remediation.

Extraction, Analytical and Advanced Methods for Detection of Allura Red AC (E129) in Food and Beverages Products.

Allura Red AC (E129) is an azo dye that widely used in drinks, juices, bakery, meat, and sweets products. High consumption of Allura Red has claimed an adverse effects of human health including allergies, food intolerance, cancer, multiple sclerosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, brain damage, nausea, cardiac disease and asthma due to the reaction of aromatic azo compounds (R = R′ = aromatic). Several countries have banned and strictly controlled the uses of Allura Red in food and beverage products. This review paper is critically summarized on the available analytical and advanced methods for determination of Allura Red and also concisely discussed on the acceptable daily intake, toxicology and extraction methods.

A Review of Peptide Nucleic Acid

Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) is a nucleobase oligomer in which the whole backbone is mainly replaced by N-(2- aminoethyl) glycine units. PNA is considered as DNA with a neutral peptide backbone due to negative charged sugar–phosphate backbone. It is chemically stable and resistant to hydrolytic cleavage. PNA can be categorized specific sequences of DNA and RNA according to Watson–Crick hydrogen bonding structure. Hybridization process showed high thermal stability and unique ionic strength effects. It is formed a stable PNA/DNA/PNA triplex with a looped-out DNA strand. PNA hybridization technology is promptly developed within in situ hybridization. In our review paper was elaborated the PNA superior hybridization characteristics, importance’s of PNA and major applications of PNA in the diagnostic and pharmaceutical fields. And also PNA could be replaced DNA in uses as a probe for many investigation purposes. PNAs antisense activities have found in nerve cells and even in rats upon injection into the brain, and in Escherichia coli.

Effective composting of empty fruit bunches using potential Trichoderma strains

Highlights • Biocompost is not only a good biofertilizer but also a good biocontrol agent against pant pathogenic fungi.• Best solution for acidic soils.• Balance the biological flora in soil.• High C:N value.

Electrochemical biosensor immobilization of formaldehyde dehydrogenase with Nafion for determination of formaldehyde from Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) fish

An electrochemical biosensor was developed based on formaldehyde dehydrogenase immobilized with Nafion membrane for determination of formaldehyde in fish. The enzyme was immobilized through the entrapment technique and measured based on the reduction of I²-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The response time of the formaldehyde biosensor was <1 min, with an optimum pH of 8. The optimum enzyme loading and NAD + concentrations were found at 30 mg/mL and 0.5 mM, respectively. Using the formaldehyde biosensor, a linear response of formaldehyde showed a range of 0.1 to 10 ppm and a detection limit of 0.016 ppm. In application of Nash method, the samples were stored at 4°C ± 1 for 10 days. With the two combined methods, a linear correlation coefficient with R ² = 0.9982 (y = 0.956x - 0.014) was found. The developed formaldehyde biosensor showed a good reproducibility, long storage stability (more than 6 months stored at 4°C), and also effective monitoring of formaldehyde level in Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) fish.

Sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions in Termitomyces heimii species

Termitomyces represents a very poorly known genus of fungi whose essential characteristic is that all representatives of the genus are cultivated by termites (Macrotermitinae) in their nest. Many species of Termitomyces commonly form fruiting bodies which develop from fungus combs within the nest. Identification based on morphological characteristics is problematic, tedious, and prone to error. Therefore, correct identification at the species level is highly desirable. This is the first report on the identification of the Malaysian isolates of Termitomyces analyzed using the DNA sequence of their internal transcriber spacer regions (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2). The results clearly demonstrate that this group is clearly monophyletic and belongs to the Tricholomataceae family. Based on the morphological identification and the molecular analysis conducted in this study, we have determined that the isolates represent the termite fungi named Termitomyces heimii.

A Review of Extraction and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Tartrazine (E 102) in Foodstuffs

ABSTRACT Tartrazine is an azo food dye, which is orange-colored and water soluble. It is usually used in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and textiles. Tartrazine has the potential to cause an adverse health effect on humans, such as hyperactivity in children, allergy, and asthma. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive and EU Scientific Committee for Food have standardized the acceptable daily intake for tartrazine that is 7.5 mg kg−1 body weight. Many researchers have detected the presence of tartrazine for monitoring the quality and safety of food products. In this review paper, we highlighted various tartrazine detection and extraction methods. Some of the analytical methods are available such as high-performance liquid chromatography, electrochemical sensor, thin-layer chromatography, spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Also, we discuss following extraction steps: liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, membrane filtration, cloud point extraction, and other extraction method. In addition, a brief overview is presented explaining the synthesis process and metabolism of tartrazine and the maximum permitted level in different countries. This review paper will give an insight into different extraction and analytical methods for the determination of tartrazine in healthy foods, which will attract the attention of public toward food safety and quality, and also the interest of food industry and government bodies.

Highly sensitive determination of sunset yellow FCF (E110) in food products based on Chitosan/Nanoparticles/MWCNTs with modified gold electrode

Sunset Yellow belongs to the family of azo dyes, commonly used in food industry. High consumption of Sunset Yellow can cause health problem to human. Due to arising of the health issues, there are several analytical methods available for determination of Sunset Yellow. However, these methods are required skilled manpower, complicated procedures, time consuming and high cost. Herein, an electrochemical sensor was developed based on the combination of chitosan (CHIT), calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) sensing film for detection of Sunset Yellow in food products. Electrochemical behavior of the modified gold electrode in the presence of Sunset Yellow was studied by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The morphological characteristics of CHIT/CaONPs/MWCNTs were observed under scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Under optimal conditions, the DPV was detected with different concentrations of Sunset Yellow in the range of 0.9 to 10 ppm, with detection limit of 0.8 ppm. The developed method has successfully applied for monitoring the presence of Sunset Yellow with different food products including candy, royal jelly, ice cream and soft drink with satisfactory results.

Development of Formaldehyde Biosensor for Determination of Formalin in Fish Samples; Malabar Red Snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) and Longtail Tuna (Thunnus tonggol)

Electrochemical biosensors are widely recognized in biosensing devices due to the fact that gives a direct, reliable, and reproducible measurement within a short period. During bio-interaction process and the generation of electrons, it produces electrochemical signals which can be measured using an electrochemical detector. A formaldehyde biosensor was successfully developed by depositing an ionic liquid (IL) (e.g., 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([EMIM][Otf])), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and chitosan (CHIT), onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The developed formaldehyde biosensor was analyzed for sensitivity, reproducibility, storage stability, and detection limits. Methylene blue was used as a redox indicator for increasing the electron transfer in the electrochemical cell. The developed biosensor measured the NADH electron from the NAD+ reduction at a potential of 0.4 V. Under optimal conditions, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method detected a wider linear range of formaldehyde concentrations from 0.01 to 10 ppm within 5 s, with a detection limit of 0.1 ppm. The proposed method was successfully detected with the presence of formalin in fish samples, Lutjanus malabaricus and Thunnus Tonggol. The proposed method is a simple, rapid, and highly accurate, compared to the existing technique.