Sílvia Regina Arruda de Moraes

Monitorando a deglutição através da eletromiografia de superfície

OBJETIVO: descrever o metodo de registro da eletromiografia de superficie atraves da utilizacao de um protocolo desenvolvido para o estudo da degluticao e demonstrar a degluticao de um paciente com doenca de Parkinson e de um sujeito normal atraves do registro da eletromiografia de superficie (EMGs). METODOS: para ilustrar os parâmetros eletrofisiologicos registrados apos execucao do protocolo foram utilizados dois voluntarios do sexo feminino, sendo um sem doenca e outro apresentando doenca de Parkinson (DP) no estagio III de acordo com a escala de Hoehn e Yahr. Os parâmetros analisados pelo foram: a duracao da atividade eletrica durante a degluticao, a amplitude (rms) e o limite de disfagia. RESULTADOS: os resultados mostram diferencas entre os eletromiogramas ilustrativos. CONCLUSAO: a EMGs pode ser utilizada como metodo de avaliacao e monitorizacao da degluticao de sujeitos sem doenca e com DP.

Do malnutrition and fluoxetine neonatal treatment program alterations in heart morphology

Growth and development events are observed in all organisms and can be modified by exogenous factors such as nutritional changes. Drastic morphological and functional alterations may occur during a vulnerable stage of development. The aim of this study was to investigate if malnutrition and/or fluoxetine neonatal treatment program alterations in heart morphology during the postnatal period. The sample consisted of 48 albino Wistar male rats. The rats were divided into two groups: nourished and malnourished. Pharmacologic manipulation was performed during the suckling period. The animals of each group were divided into two subgroups: saline-nourished and saline-malnourished, treated with sodium chloride solution, and fluoxetine-nourished and fluoxetine-malnourished, treated with fluoxetine. Half of the individuals in each subgroup were weighed and sacrificed on day 30 and the other half on day 71. Myocardial perfusion was performed and the heart subsequently weighed. The ventricles were cross-sectioned into two parts, which were fixed, dehydrated and sectioned. There were differences in body weight, heart weight, cross-sectional area and perimeter of the heart and in the cross-sectional area and perimeter of the cardiac cells among the groups at the different ages. Malnutrition appears to program alterations in heart morphology. However, malnourished animals that had undergone drug treatment did not exhibit the same changes.

Incomplete Swallowing and Retracted Tongue Maneuvers for Electromyographic Signal Normalization of the Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

PURPOSE To investigate which muscular maneuvers provide larger electric activity (EA) of the suprahyoid (SH) and infrahyoid (IH) muscles to be used as surface electromyography (SEMG) signal normalization reference. METHODS The electrical potentials of the SH and IH muscles of 12 subjects were evaluated using six muscular maneuvers, involving the position of the tongue and effort. It was selected as maximum voluntary sustained activity maneuver, the one having the minor coefficient of variation and the smallest value for each muscle group. The EA signal was converted using the root mean square in microvolts. It was considered then the maximum signal of each maneuver as the difference between the mean of three measures and the resting potential. RESULTS The maneuvers that provided higher mean potentials with minor coefficient of variation and smallest P value were incomplete swallowing (IS) with effort (mean potential equal to 56.73±8.68 with coefficient of variation of 15.30%) in SH group, and tongue retracted with mouth open (TROM, mean potential equal to 46.57±7.83 with coefficient of variation of 16.81%) in IH group. CONCLUSION The IS with effort and TROM maneuvers should be considered for signal normalization in these muscles, respectively, and may provide conditions for using the SEMG in voice clinic. SIGNIFICANCE The use of normalization standards in researches of SH and IH muscles in the voice area will allow comparisons among future works.

Effects of physical exercise during pregnancy and protein malnutrition during pregnancy and lactation on the development and growth of the offspring's femur

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of physical training of mother rats during pregnancy associated with a low-protein diet offered during pregnancy and lactation on the development and growth of the femur of their offspring. METHODS Forty 90-day old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: pups of sedentary nourished mothers, pups of sedentary malnourished mothers, pups of trained nourished mothers, and pups of trained malnourished mothers; all groups included 10 rats. Physical training on a treadmill for 8 weeks, 5 weeks before conception and 3 weeks in the gestational period for mother rats of pups of trained nourished mothers and pups of trained malnourished mothers. Induction of low-protein diet to the mother rats during pregnancy and lactation for the groups of pups of sedentary malnourished mothers and trained malnourished mothers. After the pups were sacrificed, on the 90th day of life, we analyzed weight, length, and femoral bone mineral content. RESULTS Decreased body weight, femur weight, and femur length (p < 0.05) were observed for the groups of pups of sedentary malnourished mothers and trained malnourished mothers in comparison with to the groups of pups of sedentary nourished mothers and trained nourished mothers, respectively. There was no difference in bone mineral content of the femur in either of the groups. CONCLUSION Mild physical training on the treadmill during pregnancy does not interfere with bone development and growth of the offspring. However, protein malnutrition during this period and during lactation promotes permanent damage to the bone structure of the offspring.

MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF MENISC OF THE KNEE JOINT

Investigamos los aspectos morfometricos de los meniscos de la articulacion de la rodilla tales como: grosor de la circunferencia externa y el ancho de los meniscos, relacion area del menisco/area del platillo de la tibia y la distancia entre los cuernos posterior y anterior de cada menisco. Fueron analizados 44 meniscos de 22 rodillas de cadaveres humanos, adultos, de sexo masculino. Las variables morfometricas ancho y grosor fueron evaluadas en tres puntos distintos: tercio anterior, tercio medio y tercio posterior, y sus valores comparados entre los compartimientos medial y lateral. En el menisco medial no hubo diferencia significativa, en lo que se refiere al grosor, entre los tercios anterior, medio y posterior, mientras que en el menisco lateral, el tercio medio se mostro como sitio de mayor grosor. En cuanto al ancho, se observo que el tercio posterior del menisco medial fue estadisticamente el sitio mas ancho del menisco, mientras que en el menisco lateral no hubo ninguna diferencia significativa entre los tres puntos analizados. La relacion area del menisco/area del platillo de la tibia y la distancia entre los cuernos anterior y posterior fueron mayores en el compartimiento medial. Los resultados morfometricos de los meniscos demostraron relacion con los datos clinicos. El menisco medial se mostro mas ancho y ocupando una area de cobertura del platillo de la tibia mas grande, lo que justifica la mayor incidencia de lesiones que afectan ese menisco. De la misma manera, los valores de medicion en su tercio medio, confirman la mayor frecuencia de rupturas en esa region

Antropometria e mastigação em crianças asmáticas

OBJETIVOS: caracterizar os padroes da antropometria facial em criancas asmaticas; identificar a presenca de assimetrias faciais em criancas asmaticas e nao asmaticas; e relacionar o lado de predominio mastigatorio com a presenca de assimetria facial em criancas asmaticas e nao asmaticas. METODOS: participaram da pesquisa 60 criancas com idade entre 6 e 10 anos. Destas, 30 possuiam diagnostico em prontuario de asma moderada ou grave e 30 criancas nao apresentavam asma, fazendo parte do grupo controle. Foram realizadas avaliacoes antropometrica facial e da mastigacao dessas criancas. RESULTADOS: em relacao as mensuracoes antropometricas faciais nas criancas asmaticas e nao-asmaticas nao foram reveladas diferencas significativas entre os grupos. No que diz respeito a presenca de assimetrias faciais, observou-se que estas ocorreram no grupo controle, assim como, no grupo asmatico. O padrao mastigatorio predominante em ambos os grupos foi o bilateral simultâneo e quando relacionados a assimetria facial e o predominio mastigatorio, nao foram encontradas associacoes significantes. CONCLUSAO: nao foram encontradas diferencas significativas entre o grupo controle e o grupo asmatico em relacao as mensuracoes antropometricas. A assimetria facial foi observada nos dois grupos avaliados. Em ambos o padrao mastigatorio bilateral simultâneo foi predominante, porem quando realizada a relacao entre assimetria facial e o lado de predominio mastigatorio, nao se observou relacoes significativas.

Protocol of Mensuration to Avaliation of Indicators of Somatic Development of Wistar Rats

Evaluaciones de peso y perimetro cefalico son muy utilizadas para el estudio del crecimiento y desarrollo en humanos. Medidas semejantes, denominadas murinometricas, han sido un recurso eficiente para el estudio de los efectos de manipulaciones nutricionales y farmacologicos sobre el desarrollo somatico en ratas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir un metodo de evaluacion que ofrece mayor exactitud en la recoleccion de los datos, en el estudio del desarrollo somatico en ratas Wistar. Fueron realizadas medidas en el eje latero-lateral del craneo (ELLC); eje antero-posterior del craneo (EAPC); eje longitudinal (EL) y largo de la cola (LC), en 60 ratas Wistar, durante el periodo de amamantacion. Se observo, como metodo mas adecuado de medicion, el que se relaciona con puntos anatomicos predefinidos, uso del asta adecuada del instrumento de medida (paquimetro), asi como la precision de su exactitud

Morphologic variations of the superficial palmar arc

OBJETIVO: Verificar a morfologia do arco palmar superficial e a frequencia das variacoes quanto a contribuicao de outras arterias para a sua formacao. METODOS: Utilizamos 30 pecas cadavericas fixadas em solucao aquosa de formol e estudadas pelo metodo de dissecacao macroscopica. As pecas analisadas foram desenhadas e fotografadas e os resultados obtidos, tratados estatisticamente, aplicando o teste de igualdade de proporcoes, com o nivel de confianca de 95%. RESULTADOS: Em 100% da amostra, observou-se o arco palmar superficial. Destas, 18 casos (60%) apresentavam anastomose entre as arterias formadoras do arco e 12 casos (40%) nao. Quanto a contribuicao arterial para a formacao do arco, foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: 11 casos (36,67%) eram formados pela anastomose da arteria ulnar com ramo superficial da arteria radial; 7 casos (23,34%) formados pela arteria ulnar apenas; 4 casos (13,33%) pela arteria ulnar e ramo palmar superficial da arteria radial sem anastomose; 4 casos (13,33%) pela anastomose da arteria ulnar com arteria principal do polegar; 3 casos (10%) formados pela anastomose da arteria ulnar com arteria mediana do antebraco; 1 caso (3,33%) formado pela arteria ulnar e arteria mediana sem anastomose. CONCLUSAO: Estes resultados demonstram a incidencia do padrao classico e variacoes na morfologia e nos tipos de contribuicoes para a formacao do arco palmar superficial.

Use of surface electromyography in phonation studies: an integrative review

Summary Introduction: Surface electromyography has been used to assess the extrinsic laryngeal muscles during chewing and swallowing, but there have been few studies assessing these muscles during phonation. Objective: To investigate the current state of knowledge regarding the use of surface electromyography for evaluation of the electrical activity of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx during phonation by means of an integrative review. Method: We searched for articles and other papers in the PubMed, Medline/Bireme, and Scielo databases that were published between 1980 and 2012, by using the following descriptors: surface electromyography and voice, surface electromyography and phonation, and surface electromyography and dysphonia. The articles were selectedon the basis ofinclusion and exclusion criteria. Data Synthesis: This was carried out with a cross critical matrix. We selected 27 papers,i.e., 24 articles and 3 theses. The studies differed methodologically with regards to sample size and investigation techniques, making it difficult to compare them, but showed differences in electrical activity between the studied groups (dysphonicsubjects, non-dysphonicsubjects, singers, and others). Conclusion: Electromyography has clinical applicability when technical precautions with respect to application and analysis are obeyed. However, it is necessary to adopt a universal system of assessment tasks and related measurement techniques to allow comparisons between studies.

Repercussões do exercício físico durante a gestação e da desnutrição proteica durante a gestação e lactação sobre o desenvolvimento e crescimento do fêmur da prole

Objective: To evaluate the effects of physical training of mother rats during pregnancy associated with a low-protein diet offered during pregnancy and lactation on the development and growth of the femur of their offspring. Methods: Forty 90-day old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: pups of sedentary nourished mothers, pups of sedentary malnourished mothers, pups of trained nourished mothers, and pups of trained malnourished mothers; all groups included 10 rats. Physical training on a treadmill for 8 weeks, 5 weeks before conception and 3 weeks in the gestational period for mother rats of pups of trained nourished mothers and pups of trained malnourished mothers. Induction of low-protein diet to the mother rats during pregnancy and lactation for the groups of pups of sedentary malnourished mothers and trained malnourished mothers. After the pups were sacrificed, on the 90th day of life, we analyzed weight, length, and femoral bone mineral content. Results: Decreased body weight, femur weight, and femur length (p < 0.05) were observed for the groups of pups of sedentary malnourished mothers and trained malnourished mothers in comparison with to the groups of pups of sedentary nourished mothers and trained nourished mothers, respectively. There was no difference in bone mineral content of the femur in either of the groups. Conclusion: Mild physical training on the treadmill during pregnancy does not interfere with bone development and growth of the offspring. However, protein malnutrition during this period and during lactation promotes permanent damage to the bone structure of the offspring.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of physical training of mother rats during pregnancy associated with a low-protein diet offered during pregnancy and lactation on the development and growth of the femur of their offspring. METHODS: Forty 90-day old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: pups of sedentary nourished mothers, pups of sedentary malnourished mothers, pups of trained nourished mothers, and pups of trained malnourished mothers; all groups included 10 rats. Physical training on a treadmill for 8 weeks, 5 weeks before conception and 3 weeks in the gestational period for mother rats of pups of trained nourished mothers and pups of trained malnourished mothers. Induction of low-protein diet to the mother rats during pregnancy and lactation for the groups of pups of sedentary malnourished mothers and trained malnourished mothers. After the pups were sacrificed, on the 90th day of life, we analyzed weight, length, and femoral bone mineral content. RESULTS: Decreased body weight, femur weight, and femur length (p < 0.05) were observed for the groups of pups of sedentary malnourished mothers and trained malnourished mothers in comparison with to the groups of pups of sedentary nourished mothers and trained nourished mothers, respectively. There was no difference in bone mineral content of the femur in either of the groups. CONCLUSION: Mild of physical training on the treadmill during pregnancy does not interfere with bone development and growth of the offspring. However, protein malnutrition during this period and during lactation promotes permanent damage to the bone structure of the offspring.